---
title: "Why I Tend Not To Use Content Negotiation"
description: "In this essay, Carson Gross explores his preference for separating JSON and hypermedia APIs instead of using content negotiation, a feature in HTTP that allows clients to request different formats (e.g., HTML, JSON). He discusses the limitations of content negotiation in APIs, especially when mixing stable, versioned JSON data APIs with dynamic, UI-driven hypermedia APIs. Carson argues that by splitting these concerns into distinct APIs, developers can better maintain stability for data APIs while allowing flexibility for hypermedia APIs to evolve with user interface needs. He also highlights the challenges content negotiation introduces to API 01-frontend and scalability."
created: 2023-11-18
modified: 2023-11-18
authors: [ "Carson Gross" ]
tags: ["guides"]
---

I have written a lot about Hypermedia APIs vs. Data (JSON) APIs,
including [the differences between the two](/essays/hypermedia-apis-vs-data-apis),
what [REST "really" means](/essays/how-did-rest-come-to-mean-the-opposite-of-rest) and why [HATEOAS](/essays/hateoas)
isn't so bad as long as your API is interacting with a [Hypermedia Client](/essays/hypermedia-clients).

Often when I am engaged in discussions with people coming from the "REST is JSON over HTTP" world (that is, the normal
world) I have to navigate a lot of language and conceptual issues:

* No, I am not advocating you return HTML as a general purpose API, hypermedia makes for a bad general purpose API
* Yes, I am advocating [tightly coupling](/essays/two-approaches-to-decoupling) your web application to your hypermedia
  API
* No, I do not think that we will ever fix how the
  industry [uses the term REST](/essays/how-did-rest-come-to-mean-the-opposite-of-rest)
* Yes, I am advocating you [split your data API and your hypermedia API up](/essays/splitting-your-apis)

The last point often strikes people who are used to a single, general purpose JSON API as dumb: why have two APIs when
you
can have a single API that can satisfy any number of types of clients? I tried to answer that question as best I can in
the essay
above, but it is certainly a reasonable one to ask.

It seems like (and it is) extra work in some ways when compared to having one general API.

At this point in a conversation, someone who agrees broadly with my take on
REST, [Hypermedia-Driven Applications](/essays/hypermedia-driven-applications),
etc. will often jump in and say something like

> "Oh, it's easy, you just use _content negotiation_, it's baked into HTTP!"

Not being content with alienating only the general purpose JSON API enthusiasts, let me now proceed to also alienate
my erstwhile hypermedia enthusiast allies by saying:

*I don't think content negotiation is typically the right approach to
returning both JSON and HTML for most applications.*

## What Is Content Negotiation?

First things first, what is "content negotiation"?

[Content negotiation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Content_negotiation) is a feature of HTTP that
allows a client to negotiate the content type of the response from a server. A full treatment of the implementation
in HTTP is beyond the scope of this essay, but let us consider the most well known mechanism for content negotiation
in HTTP, the [
`Accept` Request Header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Content_negotiation#the_accept_header).

The `Accept` request header allows a client, such as a browser, to indicate the `MIME` types that it is willing to
accept
from the server in a response.

An example value of this header is:

```
Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml, application/xml;q=0.9, image/webp, */*;q=0.8
```

This `Accept` header tells the server what formats the client is willing to accept. Preferences are expressed via the
`q` weighting factor. Wildcards are expressed with asterisks `*`.

In this case, the client is saying:

> I would most like to receive text/html, application/xhtml+xml or image/webp. Next I would prefer application/xml.
> Finally, I will accept whatever you give me.

The server then can take this information and determine the best content type to provide to the client.

This is the act of "content negotiation" and it is certainly an interesting feature of HTTP.

## Using Content Negotiation In APIs

As far as I am aware, it was the [Ruby On Rails](https://rubyonrails.org/) community that first went in in a big way
using content negotiation to provide both HTML and JSON (and other) formats from the same URL.

In Rails, this is accomplished via the [
`respond_to`](https://apidock.com/rails/ActionController/MimeResponds/respond_to) helper method available in
controllers.

Leaving the gory details of Rails aside, you might have a request like an HTTP `GET` to `/contacts` that ends up
invoking
a function in a `ContactsController` class that looks like this:

```ruby
def index
  @contacts = Contacts.all

  respond_to do |format|
    format.html # default rendering logic
    format.json { render json: @contacts }
  end
end
```

By making use of the `respond_to` helper method, if a client makes a request with the `Accept` header above, the
controller
will render an HTML response using the Rails templating systems.

However, if the `Accept` header from the client has the value `application/json` instead, Rails will render the contacts
as a JSON array for the client.

A pretty neat trick: you can keep all your controller logic, like looking up the contacts, the same and just use a
bit of ruby/Rails magic to render two different response types using content negotiation. Barely any additional work on
top of the normal Model/View/Controller logic.

You can see why people like the idea!

## So What's The Problem?

So why don't I think this is a good approach to splitting your JSON and HTML APIs up?

It boils down to the [differences between JSON APIs and Hypermedia (HTML) APIs](/essays/hypermedia-apis-vs-data-apis) I
hinted
at earlier. In particular:

* Data APIs should be versioned and should be very stable within a particular version of the API
* Data APIs should strive for both regularity and expressiveness due to the arbitrary data needs of consumers
* Data APIs typically use some sort of token-based authentication
* Data APIs should be rate limited
* Hypermedia APIs typically use some sort of session-cookie based authentication
* Hypermedia APIs should be driven by the needs of the underlying hypermedia application

While all of these differences matter and have an effect on your controller code, pulling it in two different
directions,
it is really the first and last items that make me often choose not to use content negotiation in my applications.

Your JSON API needs to be a stable set of endpoint that client code can rely on.

Your hypermedia API, on the other hand, can change dramatically based on the user interface needs of your applications.

These two things don't mix well.

To give you a concrete example, consider an end point that renders a detail view of a contact, at, say `/contacts/:id`
(where `:id` is a parameter containing the id of the contact to render). Let's say that this page has a "related
contacts"
section of the UI and, further, computing these related contacts is expensive for some reason.

In this situation you might choose to use the [Lazy Loading](https://htmx.org/patterns/loading/lazy-load/) pattern to defer
loading the related contacts until after the initial contact detail screen has been rendered. This improves perceived
performance of the page for your users.

If you did this, you might put the lazy loaded content at the end-point `/contacts/:id/related`.

Now, later on, maybe you are able to optimize the computation of related contacts. At this point you might choose to
rip the `/contacts/:id/related` end-point out and just render the related contacts information in the initial page
render.

All of this is fine for your hypermedia API: hypermedia, through [the uniform interface & HATEOAS](/essays/hateoas)
is _designed_ to handle these sorts of changes.

However, your JSON API... not so much.

Your JSON API should remain stable. You can't be adding and removing end-points
willy-nilly. Yes, you can have _some_ end-points respond with either JSON or HTML and others only respond with HTML, but
it gets messy. What if you accidentally copy-and-paste in the wrong code somewhere, for example.

Taking all of this into account, as well as things like rate-limiting and so on, I think you can make a strong argument
that there should be a [Separation Of Concerns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns) between the JSON
API and the hypermedia API.

(Yes, I am aware of the irony that the person who coined the term [Locality of Behaviour](/essays/locality-of-behaviour)
is making a SoC argument.)

## So What's The Alternative?

The alternative is, as I advocate in [Splitting Your APIs](/essays/splitting-your-apis), er, well, splitting your
APIs. This means providing different paths (or subdomains, or whatever) for your JSON API and your hypermedia (HTML)
API.

Going back to our contacts API, we might have the following:

* The JSON API to get all contacts is found at `/api/v1/contacts`
* The Hypermedia API to get all contacts is found at `/contacts`

This layout implies two different controllers and, I say, that's a good thing: the JSON API controller can implement the
requirements of a JSON API: rate limiting, stability, maybe an expressive query mechanism like GraphQL.

Meanwhile, your
hypermedia API (really, just your Hypermedia Driven Application endpoints) can change dramatically as your user
interface
needs change, with highly tuned database queries, end-points to support special UI needs, etc.

By separating these two concerns, your JSON API can be stable, regular and low-maintenance, and your hypermedia API can
be chaotic, specialized and flexible. Each gets its own controller environment to thrive in, without conflicting with
one another.

And this is why I prefer to split my JSON and hypermedia APIs up into separate controllers, rather than use HTTP content
negotiation to attempt to reuse controllers for both.
