Step 11: Miscellaneous Features — CMake 4.4.0 Documentation

# Step 11: Miscellaneous Features

Some features don't fit well or aren't important enough to receive attention in the main tutorial, but deserve mention. These exercises collect some of those features. They should be considered "bonuses".

There are many CMake features that are not covered by the tutorial, some of which are considered essential to the projects which use them. Others are in common use by packagers but see little discussion among software developers producing local builds.

This list is not an exhaustive discussion of what remains of CMake's capabilities. It may grow or shrink with time and relevance.

## Exercise 1: Target Aliases

This tutorial focuses on installing dependencies and consuming them from an install tree. It also recommends the use of package managers to facilitate this process. However, for a variety of reasons both historical and contemporary this is not always how CMake projects are consumed.

It is possible to vendor a dependency's source code entirely in a parent project and consume it with `add_subdirectory()`. When performed, the target names exposed are those used within the project, not those exported via `install(EXPORT)`. The target names will not have the namespace string that command prefixes to targets.

Some projects wish to support this workflow with an interface consistent with the one presented to `find_package()` consumers. CMake supports this via `add_library(ALIAS)` and `add_executable(ALIAS)`.

    add_library(MyLib INTERFACE)
    add_library(MyProject::MyLib ALIAS MyLib)

### Goal

Add a library alias for the `MathFunctions` library.

### Helpful Resources

- `add_library()`

### Files to Edit

- `TutorialProject/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt`

### Getting Started

For this step we will only be editing the `TutorialProject` project in the `Step11` folder. Complete `TODO 1`.

### Build and Run

To build the project we first need configure and install `SimpleTest`. Navigate to `Help/guide/Step11/SimpleTest` and run the appropriate commands.

    cmake --preset tutorial
    cmake --install build

Then navigate to `Help/guide/Step11/TutorialProject` and perform the usual build.

    cmake --preset tutorial
    cmake --build build

There should be no observable change in behavior from adding the alias.

### Solution

We add a single line to the `MathFunctions` CML.

TODO 1 Click to show/hide answer
TODO 1: TutorialProject/MathFunctions/CMakeLists.txt

    add_library(Tutorial::MathFunctions ALIAS MathFunctions)

## Exercise 2: Generator Expressions

`Generator expressions` are a complicated domain-specific language supported in some contexts within CMake. They are most easily understood as deferred-evaluation conditionals, they express requirements where the inputs to determine the correct behavior are not known during the CMake configuration stage.

Note

This is where generator expressions get their name, they are evaluated when the underlying build system is being generated.

Generator expressions were commonly used in combination with `target_include_directories()` to express include directory requirements across the build and install tree, but file sets have superseded this use case. Their most common applications now are in multi-config generators and intricate dependency injection systems.

    target_compile_definitions(MyApp PRIVATE "MYAPP_BUILD_CONFIG=$<CONFIG>")

### Goal

Add a generator expression to `SimpleTest` that checks the build configuration inside a compile definition.

### Helpful Resources

- `target_compile_definitions()`

- `cmake-generator-expressions(7)`

### Files to Edit

- `SimpleTest/CMakeLists.txt`

### Getting Started

For this step we will only be editing the `SimpleTest` project in the `Step11` folder. Complete `TODO 2`.

### Build and Run

To build the project we first need configure and install `SimpleTest`. Navigate to `Help/guide/Step11/SimpleTest` and run the appropriate commands.

    cmake --preset tutorial
    cmake --install build

Then navigate to `Help/guide/Step11/TutorialProject` and perform the usual build.

    cmake --preset tutorial
    cmake --build build

When running the `TestMathFunctions` binary directly, we should a message naming the build configuration used to build the executable (not necessarily the same as configuration used to configure `SimpleTest`). On single configuration generators, the build configuration can be changed by setting `CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE`.

### Solution

We add a single line to the `SimpleTest` CML.

TODO 2 Click to show/hide answer
TODO 2: SimpleTest/CMakeLists.txt

    target_compile_definitions(SimpleTest INTERFACE "SIMPLETEST_CONFIG=$<CONFIG>")