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This article covers some basic tasks and usage of ZFS. It differs from the main article ZFS somewhat in that the examples herein are demonstrated on a zpool built from virtual disks. So long as users do not place any critical data on the resulting zpool, they are free to experiment without fear of actual data loss.

The examples in this article are shown with a set of virtual discs known in ZFS terms as VDEVs. Users may create their VDEVs either on an existing physical disk or in tmpfs (RAMdisk) depending on the amount of free memory on the system.

Note: Using a file as a VDEV is a great method to play with ZFS but is not viable strategy for storing "real" data.

Due to differences in licensing, ZFS binaries and kernel modules are easily distributed from source, but no-so-easily packaged as pre-compiled sets. Details are provided on the ZFS#Installation article.

## Creating and destroying Zpools

Management of ZFS is pretty simplistic with only two utils needed:

- `/usr/bin/zpool`
- `/usr/bin/zfs`

### Mirror

For zpools with just two drives with redundancy, it is recommended to use ZFS in mirror mode which functions like a RAID1 mirroring the data. Mirroring can also be used as an alternative to Raidz setups with surprising results. See more on vdev mirroring here.

### RAIDZ1

The minimum number of drives for a RAIDZ1 is two, but it is best to follow the "power of two plus parity" recommendation. This is for storage space efficiency and hitting the "sweet spot" in performance. For RAIDZ-1, use three (2+1), five (4+1), or nine (8+1) disks. This example will use the most simplistic set of (2+1).

Create three x 2G files to serve as virtual hardrives:

    $ for i in {1..3}; do truncate -s 2G /scratch/$i.img; done

Assemble the RAIDZ1:

    # zpool create zpool raidz1 /scratch/1.img /scratch/2.img /scratch/3.img

Notice that a 3.91G zpool has been created and mounted for us:

    # zfs list

     NAME   USED  AVAIL  REFER  MOUNTPOINT
     test   139K  3.91G  38.6K  /zpool

The status of the device can be queried:

    # zpool status zpool

      pool: zpool
     state: ONLINE
      scan: none requested
    config:

    	NAME                STATE     READ WRITE CKSUM
    	   zpool            ONLINE       0     0     0
    	  raidz1-0          ONLINE       0     0     0
    	    /scratch/1.img  ONLINE       0     0     0
    	    /scratch/2.img  ONLINE       0     0     0
    	    /scratch/3.img  ONLINE       0     0     0

    errors: No known data errors

To destroy a zpool:

    # zpool destroy zpool

### RAIDZ2 and RAIDZ3

Higher level ZRAIDs can be assembled in a like fashion by adjusting the for statement to create the image files, by specifying "raidz2" or "raidz3" in the creation step, and by appending the additional image files to the creation step.

Summarizing Toponce's guidance:

- RAIDZ2 should use four (2+2), six (4+2), ten (8+2), or eighteen (16+2) disks.
- RAIDZ3 should use five (2+3), seven (4+3), eleven (8+3), or nineteen (16+3) disks.

### Linear span

This setup is for a JBOD, good for 3 or less drives normally, where space is still a concern and you are not ready to move to full features of ZFS yet because of it. RaidZ will be your better bet once you achieve enough space to satisfy, since this setup is NOT taking advantage of the full features of ZFS, but has its roots safely set in a beginning array that will suffice for years until you build up your hard drive collection.

Let's create a non-redundant pool using files. While not recommended, a pool based on files can be useful for experimental purposes.

Create 1 x 512M file to serve as virtual hard drive in experiment:

    # truncate -s 512M /scratch/half.img

Assemble the Linear Span:

    # zpool create zpool /scratch/1.img /scratch/2.img /scratch/half.img

    # zpool status zpool

      pool: zpool
     state: ONLINE
      scan: none requested
    config:

    	NAME                   STATE     READ WRITE CKSUM
    	   zpool               ONLINE       0     0     0
    	    /scratch/1.img     ONLINE       0     0     0
    	    /scratch/2.img     ONLINE       0     0     0
    	    /scratch/half.img  ONLINE       0     0     0

    errors: No known data errors

## Creating and destroying datasets

An example creating child datasets and using compression:

- create the datasets

    # zfs create -p -o compression=on san/vault/falcon/snapshots
    # zfs create -o compression=on san/vault/falcon/version
    # zfs create -p -o compression=on san/vault/redtail/c/Users

- now list the datasets (this was a linear span)

    $ zfs list

Note, there is a huge advantage(file deletion) for making a 3 level dataset. If you have large amounts of data, by separating by datasets, its easier to destroy a dataset than to try and wait for recursive file removal to complete.

## Displaying and setting properties

Without specifying them in the creation step, users can set properties of their zpools at any time after its creation using `/usr/bin/zfs`.

### Show properties

To see the current properties of a given zpool:

    # zfs get all zpool

### Modify properties

Disable the recording of access time in the zpool:

    # zfs set atime=off zpool

Verify that the property has been set on the zpool:

    # zfs get atime

    NAME  PROPERTY     VALUE     SOURCE
    zpool  atime        off       local

Tip: This option like many others can be toggled off when creating the zpool as well by appending the following to the creation step: -O atime-off

## Add content to the Zpool and query compression performance

Fill the zpool with files. For this example, first enable compression. ZFS uses many compression types, including, lzjb, gzip, gzip-N, zle, and lz4. Using a setting of simply 'on' will call the default algorithm (lzjb) but lz4 is a nice alternative. See zfsprops(7) § compression for more.

    # zfs set compression=lz4 zpool

In this example, the linux source tarball is copied over and since lz4 compression has been enabled on the zpool, the corresponding compression ratio can be queried as well.

    $ wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.11.tar.xz
    $ tar xJf linux-3.11.tar.xz -C /zpool

To see the compression ratio achieved:

    # zfs get compressratio

    NAME      PROPERTY       VALUE  SOURCE
    zpool  compressratio  2.32x  -

## Simulate a disk failure and rebuild the Zpool

To simulate catastrophic disk failure (i.e. one of the HDDs in the zpool stops functioning), zero out one of the VDEVs.

    $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/scratch/2.img bs=4M count=1 2>/dev/null

Since we used a blocksize (bs) of 4M, the once 2G image file is now a mere 4M:

    $ ls -lh /scratch

    total 317M
    -rw-r--r-- 1 facade users 2.0G Oct 20 09:13 1.img
    -rw-r--r-- 1 facade users 4.0M Oct 20 09:09 2.img
    -rw-r--r-- 1 facade users 2.0G Oct 20 09:13 3.img

The zpool remains online despite the corruption. Note that if a physical disc does fail, dmesg and related logs would be full of errors. To detect when damage occurs, users must execute a scrub operation.

    # zpool scrub zpool

Depending on the size and speed of the underlying media as well as the amount of data in the zpool, the scrub may take hours to complete. The status of the scrub can be queried:

    # zpool status zpool

      pool: zpool
     state: DEGRADED
    status: One or more devices could not be used because the label is missing or
    	invalid.  Sufficient replicas exist for the pool to continue
    	functioning in a degraded state.
    action: Replace the device using 'zpool replace'.
       see: http://zfsonlinux.org/msg/ZFS-8000-4J
      scan: scrub repaired 0 in 0h0m with 0 errors on Sun Oct 20 09:13:39 2013
    config:

    	NAME                STATE     READ WRITE CKSUM
    	   zpool            DEGRADED     0     0     0
    	  raidz1-0          DEGRADED     0     0     0
    	    /scratch/1.img  ONLINE       0     0     0
    	    /scratch/2.img  UNAVAIL      0     0     0  corrupted data
    	    /scratch/3.img  ONLINE       0     0     0

    errors: No known data errors

Since we zeroed out one of our VDEVs, let us simulate adding a new 2G HDD by creating a new image file and adding it to the zpool:

    $ truncate -s 2G /scratch/new.img
    # zpool replace zpool /scratch/2.img /scratch/new.img

Upon replacing the VDEV with a new one, zpool rebuilds the data from the data and parity info in the remaining two good VDEVs. Check the status of this process:

    # zpool status zpool

      pool: zpool
     state: ONLINE
      scan: resilvered 117M in 0h0m with 0 errors on Sun Oct 20 09:21:22 2013
    config:

    	NAME                  STATE     READ WRITE CKSUM
    	   zpool              ONLINE       0     0     0
    	  raidz1-0            ONLINE       0     0     0
    	    /scratch/1.img    ONLINE       0     0     0
    	    /scratch/new.img  ONLINE       0     0     0
    	    /scratch/3.img    ONLINE       0     0     0

    errors: No known data errors

## Snapshots and recovering deleted files

Since ZFS is a copy-on-write filesystem, every file exists the second it is written. Saving changes to the very same file actually creates another copy of that file (plus the changes made). Snapshots can take advantage of this fact and allow users access to older versions of files provided a snapshot has been taken.

Note: When using snapshots, many Linux programs that report on filesystem space such as df will report inaccurate results due to the unique way snapshots are used on ZFS. The output of `/usr/bin/zfs list` will deliver an accurate report of the amount of available and free space on the zpool.

To keep this simple, we will create a dataset within the zpool and snapshot it. Snapshots can be taken either of the entire zpool or of a dataset within the pool. They differ only in their naming conventions:

Snapshot Target | Snapshot Name
--- | ---
Entire zpool | zpool@snapshot-name
Dataset | zpool/dataset@snapshot-name

Make a new data set and take ownership of it.

    # zfs create zpool/docs
    # chown facade:users /zpool/docs

Note: The lack of a proceeding / in the create command is intentional, not a typo!

### Time 0

Add some files to the new dataset (/zpool/docs):

    $ wget -O /zpool/docs/Moby_Dick.txt  https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2701.txt.utf-8
    $ wget -O /zpool/docs/War_and_Peace.txt https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2600.txt.utf-8
    $ wget -O /zpool/docs/Beowulf.txt https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16328.txt.utf-8

    # zfs list

    NAME           USED  AVAIL  REFER  MOUNTPOINT
    zpool       5.06M  3.91G  40.0K  /zpool
    zpool/docs  4.92M  3.91G  4.92M  /zpool/docs

This is showing that we have 4.92M of data used by our books in /zpool/docs.

### Time +1

Now take a snapshot of the dataset:

    # zfs snapshot zpool/docs@001

Again run the list command:

    # zfs list

    NAME           USED  AVAIL  REFER  MOUNTPOINT
    zpool       5.07M  3.91G  40.0K  /zpool
    zpool/docs  4.92M  3.91G  4.92M  /zpool/docs

Note that the size in the USED col did not change showing that the snapshot take up no space in the zpool since nothing has changed in these three files.

We can list out the snapshots like so and again confirm the snapshot is taking up no space, but instead refers to files from the originals that take up, 4.92M (their original size):

    # zfs list -t snapshot

    NAME               USED  AVAIL  REFER  MOUNTPOINT
    zpool/docs@001      0      -  4.92M  -

### Time +2

Now let us add some additional content and create a new snapshot:

    $ wget -O /zpool/docs/Les_Mis.txt https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/135.txt.utf-8
    # zfs snapshot zpool/docs@002

Generate the new list to see how the space has changed:

    # zfs list -t snapshot

    NAME               USED  AVAIL  REFER  MOUNTPOINT
    zpool/docs@001  25.3K      -  4.92M  -
    zpool/docs@002      0      -  8.17M  -

Here we can see that the 001 snapshot takes up 25.3K of metadata and still points to the original 4.92M of data, and the new snapshot takes-up no space and refers to a total of 8.17M.

### Time +3

Now let us simulate an accidental overwrite of a file and subsequent data loss:

    $ echo "this book sucks" > /zpool/docs/War_and_Peace.txt

Again, take another snapshot:

    # zfs snapshot zpool/docs@003

Now list out the snapshots and notice the amount of referred to decreased by about 3.1M:

    # zfs list -t snapshot

    NAME               USED  AVAIL  REFER  MOUNTPOINT
    zpool/docs@001  25.3K      -  4.92M  -
    zpool/docs@002  25.5K      -  8.17M  -
    zpool/docs@003      0      -  5.04M  -

We can easily recover from this situation by looking inside one or both of our older snapshots for good copy of the file. ZFS stores its snapshots in a hidden directory under the zpool: `/zpool/files/.zfs/snapshot`:

    $ ls -l /zpool/docs/.zfs/snapshot

    total 0
    dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 20 16:09 001
    dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 20 16:09 002
    dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Oct 20 16:09 003

We can copy a good version of the book back out from any of our snapshots to any location on or off the zpool:

    % cp /zpool/docs/.zfs/snapshot/002/War_and_Peace.txt /zpool/docs

Note: Using <TAB> for autocompletion will not work by default but can be changed by modifying the snapdir property on the pool or dataset.

    # zfs set snapdir=visible zpool/docs

Now enter a snapshot dir or two:

    $ cd /zpool/docs/.zfs/snapshot/001
    $ cd /zpool/docs/.zfs/snapshot/002

Repeat the df command:

    $ df -h | grep zpool
    zpool           4.0G     0  4.0G   0% /zpool
    zpool/docs      4.0G  5.0M  4.0G   1% /zpool/docs
    zpool/docs@001  4.0G  4.9M  4.0G   1% /zpool/docs/.zfs/snapshot/001
    zpool/docs@002  4.0G  8.2M  4.0G   1% /zpool/docs/.zfs/snapshot/002

Note: Seeing each dir under .zfs the user enters is reversible if the zpool is taken offline and then remounted or if the server is rebooted.

For example:

    # zpool export zpool
    # zpool import -d /scratch/ zpool
    $ df -h | grep zpool
    zpool         4.0G     0  4.0G   0% /zpool
    zpool/docs    4.0G  5.0M  4.0G   1% /zpool/docs

### Time +4

Now that everything is back to normal, we can create another snapshot of this state:

    # zfs snapshot zpool/docs@004

And the list now becomes:

    # zfs list -t snapshot

    NAME               USED  AVAIL  REFER  MOUNTPOINT
    zpool/docs@001  25.3K      -  4.92M  -
    zpool/docs@002  25.5K      -  8.17M  -
    zpool/docs@003   155K      -  5.04M  -
    zpool/docs@004      0      -  8.17M  -

### Listing snapshots

Note, this simple but important command is missing frequently from other articles on the subject, so its worth mention.

To list any snapshots on your system, run the following command

    $ zfs list -t snapshot

### Deleting snapshots

The limit to the number of snapshots users can save is 2^64. User can delete a snapshot like so:

    # zfs destroy zpool/docs@001

    # zfs list -t snapshot

    NAME               USED  AVAIL  REFER  MOUNTPOINT
    zpool/docs@002  3.28M      -  8.17M  -
    zpool/docs@003   155K      -  5.04M  -
    zpool/docs@004      0      -  8.17M  -

## Troubleshooting

If your system is not configured to load the zfs pool upon boot, or for whatever reason you want to manually remove and add back the pool, or if you have lost your pool completely, a convenient way is to use import/export.

If your pool was named <zpool>

    # zpool import -d /scratch zpool

If you have any problems accessing your pool at any time, try export and reimport.

    # zpool export zpool
    # zpool import -d /scratch zpool

Category:

- File systems