# Tracking the Beat

Last month in this series we took a deep technical dive into the randomisation system underpinning Sonic Pi. We explored how we can use it to deterministically add new levels of dynamic control over our code. This month we’re going to continue our technical dive and turn our attention to Sonic Pi’s unique tick system. By the end of this article you’ll be ticking your way through rhythms and riffs on your way to being a live coding DJ.

## Beat Counting

When making music we often want to do a different thing depending on which beat it is. Sonic Pi has a special beat counting system called `tick` to give you precise control over when a beat actually occurs and even supports multiple beats with their own tempos.

Let’s have a play - to advance the beat we just need to call `tick`. Open up a fresh buffer, type in the following and hit Run:

    puts tick #=> 0

This will return the current beat: `0`. Notice that even if you press the Run button a few times it will always return `0`. This is because each run starts a fresh beat counting from 0. However, whilst the run is still active, we can advance the beat as many times as we want:

    puts tick #=> 0
    puts tick #=> 1
    puts tick #=> 2

Whenever you see the symbol `#=>` at the end of a line of code it means that that line will log the text on the right-hand-side. For example, `puts foo #=> 0` means the code `puts foo` prints `0` to the log at that point in the program.

## Checking the Beat

We’ve seen that `tick` does two things. It increments (adds one) and returns the current beat. Sometimes we just want to look at the current beat without having to increment it which we can do via `look`:

    puts tick #=> 0
    puts tick #=> 1
    puts look #=> 1
    puts look #=> 1

In this code we tick the beat up twice and then call `look` twice. We’ll see the following values in the log: `0`, `1`, `1`, `1`. The first two `tick`s returned `0`, then `1` as expected, then the two `look`s just returned the last beat value twice which was `1`.

## Rings

So now we can advance the beat with `tick` and check the beat with `look`. What next? We need something to tick over. Sonic Pi uses rings for representing riffs, melodies and rhythms and the tick system has been specifically designed to work very closely with them. In fact, rings have their own dot version of `tick` which does two things. Firstly, it acts like a regular tick and increments the beat. Secondly it looks up the ring value using the beat as the index. Let’s take a look:

    puts (ring :a, :b, :c).tick #=> :a

`.tick` is a special dot version of `tick` which will return the first value of the ring `:a`. We can grab each of the values in the ring by calling `.tick` multiple times:

    puts (ring :a, :b, :c).tick #=> :a
    puts (ring :a, :b, :c).tick #=> :b
    puts (ring :a, :b, :c).tick #=> :c
    puts (ring :a, :b, :c).tick #=> :a
    puts look                   #=> 3

Take a look at the log and you’ll see `:a`, `:b`, `:c` and then `:a` again. Notice that `look` returns `3`. Calls to `.tick` act just like they are regular calls to `tick` - they increment the local beat.

## A Live Loop Arpeggiator

The real power comes when you mix `tick` with rings and `live_loop`s. When combined we have all the tools we need to both build and understand a simple arpegiator. We need just four things:

1. A ring containing the notes we want to loop over.
2. A means of incrementing and obtaining the beat.
3. The ability to play a note based on the current beat.
4. A loop structure to keep the arpegiator repeating.

These concepts can all be found in the following code:

    notes = (ring 57, 62, 55, 59, 64)
    live_loop :arp do
      use_synth :dpulse
      play notes.tick, release: 0.2
      sleep 0.125
    end

Let’s look at each of these lines. First we define our ring of notes which we’ll continually play. We then create a `live_loop` called `:arp` which loops round for us. Each time round the `live_loop` we set our synth to `:dpulse` and then play the next note in our ring using `.tick`. Remember that this will increment our beat counter and use the latest beat value as an index into our notes ring. Finally, we wait for an eighth of a beat before looping round again.

## Multiple Simultaneous Beats

A really important thing to know is that `tick`s are local to the `live_loop`. This means that each `live_loop` has its own independent beat counter. This is much more powerful than having a global metronome and beat. Let’s take a look at this in action:

    notes = (ring 57, 62, 55, 59, 64)
    with_fx :reverb do
      live_loop :arp do
        use_synth :dpulse
        play notes.tick + 12, release: 0.1
        sleep 0.125
      end
    end
    live_loop :arp2 do
      use_synth :dsaw
      play notes.tick - 12, release: 0.2
      sleep 0.75
    end

## Clashing Beats

A big cause of confusion with Sonic Pi’s tick system is when people want to tick over multiple rings in the same `live_loop`:

    use_bpm 300
    use_synth :blade
    live_loop :foo do
      play (ring :e1, :e2, :e3).tick
      play (scale :e3, :minor_pentatonic).tick
      sleep 1
    end

Even though each `live_loop` has its own independent beat counter, we’re calling `.tick` twice within the same `live_loop`. This means that the beat will be incremented twice every time round. This can produce some interesting polyrhythms but is often not what you want. There are two solutions to this problem. One option is to manually call `tick` at the start of the `live_loop` and then use `.look` to look up the current beat in each `live_loop`. The second solution is to pass a unique name to each call to `.tick` such as `.tick(:foo)`. Sonic Pi will then create and track a separate beat counter for each named tick you use. That way you can work with as many beats as you need! See the section on named ticks in 9.4 of the built-in tutorial for more information.

## Bringing it all together

Let’s bring all this knowledge of `tick`s, `ring`s and `live_loop`s together for a final fun example. As usual, don’t treat this as a finished piece. Start changing things and play around with it and see what you can turn it into. See you next time…

    use_bpm 240
    notes = (scale :e3, :minor_pentatonic).shuffle
    live_loop :foo do
      use_synth :blade
      with_fx :reverb, reps: 8, room: 1 do
        tick
        co = (line 70, 130, steps: 32).tick(:cutoff)
        play (octs :e3, 3).look, cutoff: co, amp: 2
        play notes.look, amp: 4
        sleep 1
      end
    end
    live_loop :bar do
      tick
      sample :bd_ada if (spread 1, 4).look
      use_synth :tb303
      co = (line 70, 130, steps: 16).look
      r = (line 0.1, 0.5, steps: 64).mirror.look
      play notes.look, release: r, cutoff: co
      sleep 0.5
    end