<?php

namespace Drupal\Core\Database;

use Drupal\Component\Assertion\Inspector;
use Drupal\Core\Database\Event\DatabaseEvent;
use Drupal\Core\Database\Exception\EventException;
use Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Condition;
use Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Delete;
use Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Insert;
use Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Merge;
use Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select;
use Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Truncate;
use Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Update;
use Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Upsert;
use Drupal\Core\Pager\PagerManagerInterface;

/**
 * Base Database API class.
 *
 * This class provides a Drupal extension for a client database connection.
 * Every database driver implementation must provide a concrete implementation
 * of it to support special handling required by that database.
 * The most common database abstraction layer in PHP is PDO.
 *
 * @see http://php.net/manual/book.pdo.php
 */
abstract class Connection {

  /**
   * The database target this connection is for.
   *
   * We need this information for later auditing and logging.
   *
   * @var string|null
   */
  protected $target = NULL;

  /**
   * The key representing this connection.
   *
   * The key is a unique string which identifies a database connection. A
   * connection can be a single server or a cluster of primary and replicas
   * (use target to pick between primary and replica).
   *
   * @var string|null
   */
  protected $key = NULL;

  /**
   * The current database logging object for this connection.
   *
   * @var \Drupal\Core\Database\Log|null
   */
  protected $logger = NULL;

  /**
   * Tracks the number of "layers" of transactions currently active.
   *
   * On many databases transactions cannot nest.  Instead, we track
   * nested calls to transactions and collapse them into a single
   * transaction.
   *
   * @var array
   */
  protected $transactionLayers = [];

  /**
   * Index of what driver-specific class to use for various operations.
   *
   * @var array
   */
  protected $driverClasses = [];

  /**
   * The name of the StatementWrapper class for this connection.
   *
   * @var string|null
   */
  protected $statementWrapperClass = NULL;

  /**
   * Whether this database connection supports transactional DDL.
   *
   * Set to FALSE by default because few databases support this feature.
   *
   * @var bool
   */
  protected $transactionalDDLSupport = FALSE;

  /**
   * The actual client connection.
   *
   * @var object
   */
  protected $connection;

  /**
   * The connection information for this connection object.
   *
   * @var array
   */
  protected $connectionOptions = [];

  /**
   * The schema object for this connection.
   *
   * Set to NULL when the schema is destroyed.
   *
   * @var \Drupal\Core\Database\Schema|null
   */
  protected $schema = NULL;

  /**
   * The prefix used by this database connection.
   *
   * @var string
   */
  protected string $prefix;

  /**
   * Replacements to fully qualify {table} placeholders in SQL strings.
   *
   * An array of two strings, the first being the replacement for opening curly
   * brace '{', the second for closing curly brace '}'.
   *
   * @var string[]
   */
  protected array $tablePlaceholderReplacements;

  /**
   * The prefixes used by this database connection.
   *
   * @var array
   *
   * @deprecated in drupal:10.0.0 and is removed from drupal:11.0.0. There is
   *   no replacement.
   *
   * @see https://www.drupal.org/node/3257198
   */
  protected $prefixes = [];

  /**
   * List of search values for use in prefixTables().
   *
   * @var array
   *
   * @deprecated in drupal:10.0.0 and is removed from drupal:11.0.0. There is
   *   no replacement.
   *
   * @see https://www.drupal.org/node/3257198
   */
  protected $prefixSearch = [];

  /**
   * List of replacement values for use in prefixTables().
   *
   * @var array
   *
   * @deprecated in drupal:10.0.0 and is removed from drupal:11.0.0. There is
   *   no replacement.
   *
   * @see https://www.drupal.org/node/3257198
   */
  protected $prefixReplace = [];

  /**
   * List of un-prefixed table names, keyed by prefixed table names.
   *
   * @var array
   *
   * @deprecated in drupal:10.0.0 and is removed from drupal:11.0.0. There is
   *   no replacement.
   *
   * @see https://www.drupal.org/node/3257198
   */
  protected $unprefixedTablesMap = [];

  /**
   * List of escaped table names, keyed by unescaped names.
   *
   * @var array
   */
  protected $escapedTables = [];

  /**
   * List of escaped field names, keyed by unescaped names.
   *
   * There are cases in which escapeField() is called on an empty string. In
   * this case it should always return an empty string.
   *
   * @var array
   */
  protected $escapedFields = ["" => ""];

  /**
   * List of escaped aliases names, keyed by unescaped aliases.
   *
   * @var array
   */
  protected $escapedAliases = [];

  /**
   * Post-root (non-nested) transaction commit callbacks.
   *
   * @var callable[]
   */
  protected $rootTransactionEndCallbacks = [];

  /**
   * The identifier quote characters for the database type.
   *
   * An array containing the start and end identifier quote characters for the
   * database type. The ANSI SQL standard identifier quote character is a double
   * quotation mark.
   *
   * @var string[]
   */
  protected $identifierQuotes;

  /**
   * Tracks the database API events to be dispatched.
   *
   * For performance reasons, database API events are not yielded by default.
   * Call ::enableEvents() to enable them.
   */
  private array $enabledEvents = [];

  /**
   * Constructs a Connection object.
   *
   * @param object $connection
   *   An object of the client class representing a database connection.
   * @param array $connection_options
   *   An array of options for the connection. May include the following:
   *   - prefix
   *   - namespace
   *   - Other driver-specific options.
   */
  public function __construct(object $connection, array $connection_options) {
    assert(count($this->identifierQuotes) === 2 && Inspector::assertAllStrings($this->identifierQuotes), '\Drupal\Core\Database\Connection::$identifierQuotes must contain 2 string values');

    // Manage the table prefix.
    $connection_options['prefix'] = $connection_options['prefix'] ?? '';
    $this->setPrefix($connection_options['prefix']);

    // Work out the database driver namespace if none is provided. This normally
    // written to setting.php by installer or set by
    // \Drupal\Core\Database\Database::parseConnectionInfo().
    if (empty($connection_options['namespace'])) {
      $connection_options['namespace'] = (new \ReflectionObject($this))->getNamespaceName();
    }

    $this->connection = $connection;
    $this->connectionOptions = $connection_options;
  }

  /**
   * Opens a client connection.
   *
   * @param array $connection_options
   *   The database connection settings array.
   *
   * @return object
   *   A client connection object.
   */
  abstract public static function open(array &$connection_options = []);

  /**
   * Ensures that the client connection can be garbage collected.
   */
  public function __destruct() {
    // Ensure that the circular reference caused by Connection::__construct()
    // using $this in the call to set the statement class can be garbage
    // collected.
    $this->connection = NULL;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the default query options for any given query.
   *
   * A given query can be customized with a number of option flags in an
   * associative array:
   * - fetch: This element controls how rows from a result set will be
   *   returned. Legal values include \PDO::FETCH_ASSOC, \PDO::FETCH_BOTH,
   *   \PDO::FETCH_OBJ, \PDO::FETCH_NUM, or a string representing the name of a
   *   class. If a string is specified, each record will be fetched into a new
   *   object of that class. The behavior of all other values is defined by PDO.
   *   See http://php.net/manual/pdostatement.fetch.php
   * - return: (deprecated) Depending on the type of query, different return
   *   values may be meaningful. This directive instructs the system which type
   *   of return value is desired. The system will generally set the correct
   *   value automatically, so it is extremely rare that a module developer will
   *   ever need to specify this value. Setting it incorrectly will likely lead
   *   to unpredictable results or fatal errors. Legal values include:
   *   - Database::RETURN_STATEMENT: Return the prepared statement object for
   *     the query. This is usually only meaningful for SELECT queries, where
   *     the statement object is how one accesses the result set returned by the
   *     query.
   *   - Database::RETURN_AFFECTED: Return the number of rows found (matched) by
   *     the WHERE clause of an UPDATE or DELETE query (not the number of rows
   *     actually changed). Note that although named RETURN_AFFECTED for
   *     historical reasons, the number of rows matched is returned for
   *     consistency across database engines.
   *   - Database::RETURN_INSERT_ID: Return the sequence ID (primary key)
   *     created by an INSERT statement on a table that contains a serial
   *     column.
   *   - Database::RETURN_NULL: Do not return anything, as there is no
   *     meaningful value to return. That is the case for INSERT queries on
   *     tables that do not contain a serial column.
   * - allow_delimiter_in_query: By default, queries which have the ; delimiter
   *   any place in them will cause an exception. This reduces the chance of SQL
   *   injection attacks that terminate the original query and add one or more
   *   additional queries (such as inserting new user accounts). In rare cases,
   *   such as creating an SQL function, a ; is needed and can be allowed by
   *   changing this option to TRUE.
   * - allow_square_brackets: By default, queries which contain square brackets
   *   will have them replaced with the identifier quote character for the
   *   database type. In rare cases, such as creating an SQL function, []
   *   characters might be needed and can be allowed by changing this option to
   *   TRUE.
   * - pdo: By default, queries will execute with the client connection options
   *   set on the connection. In particular cases, it could be necessary to
   *   override the driver options on the statement level. In such case, pass
   *   the required setting as an array here, and they will be passed to the
   *   prepared statement.
   *
   * @return array
   *   An array of default query options.
   */
  protected function defaultOptions() {
    return [
      'fetch' => \PDO::FETCH_OBJ,
      'allow_delimiter_in_query' => FALSE,
      'allow_square_brackets' => FALSE,
      'pdo' => [],
    ];
  }

  /**
   * Returns the connection information for this connection object.
   *
   * Note that Database::getConnectionInfo() is for requesting information
   * about an arbitrary database connection that is defined. This method
   * is for requesting the connection information of this specific
   * open connection object.
   *
   * @return array
   *   An array of the connection information. The exact list of
   *   properties is driver-dependent.
   */
  public function getConnectionOptions() {
    return $this->connectionOptions;
  }

  /**
   * Allows the connection to access additional databases.
   *
   * Database systems usually group tables in 'databases' or 'schemas', that
   * can be accessed with syntax like 'SELECT * FROM database.table'. Normally
   * Drupal accesses tables in a single database/schema, but in some cases it
   * may be necessary to access tables from other databases/schemas in the same
   * database server. This method can be called to ensure that the additional
   * database/schema is accessible.
   *
   * For MySQL, PostgreSQL and most other databases no action need to be taken
   * to query data in another database or schema. For SQLite this is however
   * necessary and the database driver for SQLite will override this method.
   *
   * @param string $database
   *   The database to be attached to the connection.
   *
   * @internal
   */
  public function attachDatabase(string $database): void {
  }

  /**
   * Returns the prefix of the tables.
   *
   * @return string $prefix
   */
  public function getPrefix(): string {
    return $this->prefix;
  }

  /**
   * Set the prefix used by this database connection.
   *
   * @param string $prefix
   *   A single prefix.
   */
  protected function setPrefix($prefix) {
    assert(is_string($prefix), 'The \'$prefix\' argument to ' . __METHOD__ . '() must be a string');
    $this->prefix = $prefix;
    $this->tablePlaceholderReplacements = [
      $this->identifierQuotes[0] . str_replace('.', $this->identifierQuotes[1] . '.' . $this->identifierQuotes[0], $prefix),
      $this->identifierQuotes[1],
    ];
  }

  /**
   * Appends a database prefix to all tables in a query.
   *
   * Queries sent to Drupal should wrap all table names in curly brackets. This
   * function searches for this syntax and adds Drupal's table prefix to all
   * tables, allowing Drupal to coexist with other systems in the same database
   * and/or schema if necessary.
   *
   * @param string $sql
   *   A string containing a partial or entire SQL query.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The properly-prefixed string.
   */
  public function prefixTables($sql) {
    return str_replace(['{', '}'], $this->tablePlaceholderReplacements, $sql);
  }

  /**
   * Quotes all identifiers in a query.
   *
   * Queries sent to Drupal should wrap all unquoted identifiers in square
   * brackets. This function searches for this syntax and replaces them with the
   * database specific identifier. In ANSI SQL this a double quote.
   *
   * Note that :variable[] is used to denote array arguments but
   * Connection::expandArguments() is always called first.
   *
   * @param string $sql
   *   A string containing a partial or entire SQL query.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The string containing a partial or entire SQL query with all identifiers
   *   quoted.
   *
   * @internal
   *   This method should only be called by database API code.
   */
  public function quoteIdentifiers($sql) {
    return str_replace(['[', ']'], $this->identifierQuotes, $sql);
  }

  /**
   * Find the prefix for a table.
   *
   * This function is for when you want to know the prefix of a table. This
   * is not used in prefixTables due to performance reasons.
   *
   * @param string $table
   *   (optional) The table to find the prefix for.
   *
   * @deprecated in drupal:10.1.0 and is removed from drupal:11.0.0.
   * Instead, you should just use Connection::getPrefix().
   *
   * @see https://www.drupal.org/node/3260849
   */
  public function tablePrefix($table = 'default') {
    @trigger_error(__METHOD__ . '() is deprecated in drupal:10.1.0 and is removed from drupal:11.0.0. Instead, you should just use Connection::getPrefix(). See https://www.drupal.org/node/3260849', E_USER_DEPRECATED);
    return $this->prefix;
  }

  /**
   * Gets a list of individually prefixed table names.
   *
   * @return array
   *   An array of un-prefixed table names, keyed by their fully qualified table
   *   names (i.e. prefix + table_name).
   *
   * @deprecated in drupal:10.0.0 and is removed from drupal:11.0.0. There is
   *   no replacement.
   *
   * @see https://www.drupal.org/node/3257198
   */
  public function getUnprefixedTablesMap() {
    @trigger_error(__METHOD__ . '() is deprecated in drupal:10.0.0 and is removed from drupal:11.0.0. There is no replacement. See https://www.drupal.org/node/3257198', E_USER_DEPRECATED);
    return $this->unprefixedTablesMap;
  }

  /**
   * Get a fully qualified table name.
   *
   * @param string $table
   *   The name of the table in question.
   *
   * @return string
   */
  public function getFullQualifiedTableName($table) {
    $options = $this->getConnectionOptions();
    $prefix = $this->getPrefix();
    return $options['database'] . '.' . $prefix . $table;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a prepared statement given a SQL string.
   *
   * This method caches prepared statements, reusing them when possible. It also
   * prefixes tables names enclosed in curly braces and, optionally, quotes
   * identifiers enclosed in square brackets.
   *
   * @param string $query
   *   The query string as SQL, with curly braces surrounding the table names,
   *   and square brackets surrounding identifiers.
   * @param array $options
   *   An associative array of options to control how the query is run. See
   *   the documentation for self::defaultOptions() for details. The content of
   *   the 'pdo' key will be passed to the prepared statement.
   * @param bool $allow_row_count
   *   (optional) A flag indicating if row count is allowed on the statement
   *   object. Defaults to FALSE.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\StatementInterface
   *   A prepared statement ready for its execute() method.
   *
   * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
   *   If multiple statements are included in the string, and delimiters are
   *   not allowed in the query.
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\Database\DatabaseExceptionWrapper
   */
  public function prepareStatement(string $query, array $options, bool $allow_row_count = FALSE): StatementInterface {
    if (isset($options['return'])) {
      @trigger_error('Passing "return" option to ' . __METHOD__ . '() is deprecated in drupal:9.4.0 and is removed in drupal:11.0.0. For data manipulation operations, use dynamic queries instead. See https://www.drupal.org/node/3185520', E_USER_DEPRECATED);
    }

    try {
      $query = $this->preprocessStatement($query, $options);
      $statement = new $this->statementWrapperClass($this, $this->connection, $query, $options['pdo'] ?? [], $allow_row_count);
    }
    catch (\Exception $e) {
      $this->exceptionHandler()->handleStatementException($e, $query, $options);
    }

    return $statement;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a string SQL statement ready for preparation.
   *
   * This method replaces table names in curly braces and identifiers in square
   * brackets with platform specific replacements, appropriately escaping them
   * and wrapping them with platform quote characters.
   *
   * @param string $query
   *   The query string as SQL, with curly braces surrounding the table names,
   *   and square brackets surrounding identifiers.
   * @param array $options
   *   An associative array of options to control how the query is run. See
   *   the documentation for self::defaultOptions() for details.
   *
   * @return string
   *   A string SQL statement ready for preparation.
   *
   * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
   *   If multiple statements are included in the string, and delimiters are
   *   not allowed in the query.
   */
  protected function preprocessStatement(string $query, array $options): string {
    // To protect against SQL injection, Drupal only supports executing one
    // statement at a time.  Thus, the presence of a SQL delimiter (the
    // semicolon) is not allowed unless the option is set.  Allowing semicolons
    // should only be needed for special cases like defining a function or
    // stored procedure in SQL. Trim any trailing delimiter to minimize false
    // positives unless delimiter is allowed.
    $trim_chars = " \xA0\t\n\r\0\x0B";
    if (empty($options['allow_delimiter_in_query'])) {
      $trim_chars .= ';';
    }
    $query = rtrim($query, $trim_chars);
    if (str_contains($query, ';') && empty($options['allow_delimiter_in_query'])) {
      throw new \InvalidArgumentException('; is not supported in SQL strings. Use only one statement at a time.');
    }

    // Resolve {tables} and [identifiers] to the platform specific syntax.
    $query = $this->prefixTables($query);
    if (!($options['allow_square_brackets'] ?? FALSE)) {
      $query = $this->quoteIdentifiers($query);
    }

    return $query;
  }

  /**
   * Tells this connection object what its target value is.
   *
   * This is needed for logging and auditing. It's sloppy to do in the
   * constructor because the constructor for child classes has a different
   * signature. We therefore also ensure that this function is only ever
   * called once.
   *
   * @param string $target
   *   (optional) The target this connection is for.
   */
  public function setTarget($target = NULL) {
    if (!isset($this->target)) {
      $this->target = $target;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the target this connection is associated with.
   *
   * @return string|null
   *   The target string of this connection, or NULL if no target is set.
   */
  public function getTarget() {
    return $this->target;
  }

  /**
   * Tells this connection object what its key is.
   *
   * @param string $key
   *   The key this connection is for.
   */
  public function setKey($key) {
    if (!isset($this->key)) {
      $this->key = $key;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the key this connection is associated with.
   *
   * @return string|null
   *   The key of this connection, or NULL if no key is set.
   */
  public function getKey() {
    return $this->key;
  }

  /**
   * Associates a logging object with this connection.
   *
   * @param \Drupal\Core\Database\Log $logger
   *   The logging object we want to use.
   */
  public function setLogger(Log $logger) {
    $this->logger = $logger;
  }

  /**
   * Gets the current logging object for this connection.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Log|null
   *   The current logging object for this connection. If there isn't one,
   *   NULL is returned.
   */
  public function getLogger() {
    return $this->logger;
  }

  /**
   * Creates the appropriate sequence name for a given table and serial field.
   *
   * This information is exposed to all database drivers, although it is only
   * useful on some of them. This method is table prefix-aware.
   *
   * Note that if a sequence was generated automatically by the database, its
   * name might not match the one returned by this function. Therefore, in those
   * cases, it is generally advised to use a database-specific way of retrieving
   * the name of an auto-created sequence. For example, PostgreSQL provides a
   * dedicated function for this purpose: pg_get_serial_sequence().
   *
   * @param string $table
   *   The table name to use for the sequence.
   * @param string $field
   *   The field name to use for the sequence.
   *
   * @return string
   *   A table prefix-parsed string for the sequence name.
   */
  public function makeSequenceName($table, $field) {
    $sequence_name = $this->prefixTables('{' . $table . '}_' . $field . '_seq');
    // Remove identifier quotes as we are constructing a new name from a
    // prefixed and quoted table name.
    return str_replace($this->identifierQuotes, '', $sequence_name);
  }

  /**
   * Flatten an array of query comments into a single comment string.
   *
   * The comment string will be sanitized to avoid SQL injection attacks.
   *
   * @param string[] $comments
   *   An array of query comment strings.
   *
   * @return string
   *   A sanitized comment string.
   */
  public function makeComment($comments) {
    if (empty($comments)) {
      return '';
    }

    // Flatten the array of comments.
    $comment = implode('. ', $comments);

    // Sanitize the comment string so as to avoid SQL injection attacks.
    return '/* ' . $this->filterComment($comment) . ' */ ';
  }

  /**
   * Sanitize a query comment string.
   *
   * Ensure a query comment does not include strings such as "* /" that might
   * terminate the comment early. This avoids SQL injection attacks via the
   * query comment. The comment strings in this example are separated by a
   * space to avoid PHP parse errors.
   *
   * For example, the comment:
   * @code
   * \Drupal::database()->update('example')
   *  ->condition('id', $id)
   *  ->fields(array('field2' => 10))
   *  ->comment('Exploit * / DROP TABLE node; --')
   *  ->execute()
   * @endcode
   *
   * Would result in the following SQL statement being generated:
   * @code
   * "/ * Exploit * / DROP TABLE node. -- * / UPDATE example SET field2=..."
   * @endcode
   *
   * Unless the comment is sanitized first, the SQL server would drop the
   * node table and ignore the rest of the SQL statement.
   *
   * @param string $comment
   *   A query comment string.
   *
   * @return string
   *   A sanitized version of the query comment string.
   */
  protected function filterComment($comment = '') {
    // Change semicolons to period to avoid triggering multi-statement check.
    return strtr($comment, ['*' => ' * ', ';' => '.']);
  }

  /**
   * Executes a query string against the database.
   *
   * This method provides a central handler for the actual execution of every
   * query. All queries executed by Drupal are executed as prepared statements.
   *
   * @param string $query
   *   The query to execute. This is a string containing an SQL query with
   *   placeholders.
   * @param array $args
   *   The associative array of arguments for the prepared statement.
   * @param array $options
   *   An associative array of options to control how the query is run. The
   *   given options will be merged with self::defaultOptions(). See the
   *   documentation for self::defaultOptions() for details.
   *   Typically, $options['return'] will be set by a default or by a query
   *   builder, and should not be set by a user.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\StatementInterface|int|string|null
   *   This method will return one of the following:
   *   - If either $options['return'] === self::RETURN_STATEMENT, or
   *     $options['return'] is not set (due to self::defaultOptions()),
   *     returns the executed statement.
   *   - If $options['return'] === self::RETURN_AFFECTED,
   *     returns the number of rows matched by the query
   *     (not the number affected).
   *   - If $options['return'] === self::RETURN_INSERT_ID,
   *     returns the generated insert ID of the last query as a string.
   *   - If $options['return'] === self::RETURN_NULL, returns NULL.
   *
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\Database\DatabaseExceptionWrapper
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\Database\IntegrityConstraintViolationException
   * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Connection::defaultOptions()
   */
  public function query($query, array $args = [], $options = []) {
    assert(is_string($query), 'The \'$query\' argument to ' . __METHOD__ . '() must be a string');

    // Use default values if not already set.
    $options += $this->defaultOptions();

    if (isset($options['return'])) {
      @trigger_error('Passing "return" option to ' . __METHOD__ . '() is deprecated in drupal:9.4.0 and is removed in drupal:11.0.0. For data manipulation operations, use dynamic queries instead. See https://www.drupal.org/node/3185520', E_USER_DEPRECATED);
    }

    assert(!isset($options['target']), 'Passing "target" option to query() has no effect. See https://www.drupal.org/node/2993033');

    $this->expandArguments($query, $args);
    $stmt = $this->prepareStatement($query, $options);

    try {
      $stmt->execute($args, $options);

      // Depending on the type of query we may need to return a different value.
      // See DatabaseConnection::defaultOptions() for a description of each
      // value.
      // @todo the block below is deprecated and as of Drupal 11 will be
      //   removed, query() will only return a StatementInterface object.
      // @see https://www.drupal.org/project/drupal/issues/3256524
      switch ($options['return'] ?? Database::RETURN_STATEMENT) {
        case Database::RETURN_STATEMENT:
          return $stmt;

        // Database::RETURN_AFFECTED should not be used; enable row counting
        // by passing the appropriate argument to the constructor instead.
        // @see https://www.drupal.org/node/3186368
        case Database::RETURN_AFFECTED:
          $stmt->allowRowCount = TRUE;
          return $stmt->rowCount();

        case Database::RETURN_INSERT_ID:
          $sequence_name = $options['sequence_name'] ?? NULL;
          return $this->lastInsertId($sequence_name);

        case Database::RETURN_NULL:
          return NULL;

        default:
          throw new \PDOException('Invalid return directive: ' . $options['return']);

      }
    }
    catch (\Exception $e) {
      $this->exceptionHandler()->handleExecutionException($e, $stmt, $args, $options);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Expands out shorthand placeholders.
   *
   * Drupal supports an alternate syntax for doing arrays of values. We
   * therefore need to expand them out into a full, executable query string.
   *
   * @param string $query
   *   The query string to modify.
   * @param array $args
   *   The arguments for the query.
   *
   * @return bool
   *   TRUE if the query was modified, FALSE otherwise.
   *
   * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
   *   This exception is thrown when:
   *   - A placeholder that ends in [] is supplied, and the supplied value is
   *     not an array.
   *   - A placeholder that does not end in [] is supplied, and the supplied
   *     value is an array.
   */
  protected function expandArguments(&$query, &$args) {
    $modified = FALSE;

    // If the placeholder indicated the value to use is an array,  we need to
    // expand it out into a comma-delimited set of placeholders.
    foreach ($args as $key => $data) {
      $is_bracket_placeholder = substr($key, -2) === '[]';
      $is_array_data = is_array($data);
      if ($is_bracket_placeholder && !$is_array_data) {
        throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Placeholders with a trailing [] can only be expanded with an array of values.');
      }
      elseif (!$is_bracket_placeholder) {
        if ($is_array_data) {
          throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Placeholders must have a trailing [] if they are to be expanded with an array of values.');
        }
        // Scalar placeholder - does not need to be expanded.
        continue;
      }
      // Handle expansion of arrays.
      $key_name = str_replace('[]', '__', $key);
      $new_keys = [];
      // We require placeholders to have trailing brackets if the developer
      // intends them to be expanded to an array to make the intent explicit.
      foreach (array_values($data) as $i => $value) {
        // This assumes that there are no other placeholders that use the same
        // name.  For example, if the array placeholder is defined as :example[]
        // and there is already an :example_2 placeholder, this will generate
        // a duplicate key.  We do not account for that as the calling code
        // is already broken if that happens.
        $new_keys[$key_name . $i] = $value;
      }

      // Update the query with the new placeholders.
      $query = str_replace($key, implode(', ', array_keys($new_keys)), $query);

      // Update the args array with the new placeholders.
      unset($args[$key]);
      $args += $new_keys;

      $modified = TRUE;
    }

    return $modified;
  }

  /**
   * Gets the driver-specific override class if any for the specified class.
   *
   * @param string $class
   *   The class for which we want the potentially driver-specific class.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The name of the class that should be used for this driver.
   */
  public function getDriverClass($class) {
    if (empty($this->driverClasses[$class])) {
      $driver_class = $this->connectionOptions['namespace'] . '\\' . $class;
      if (class_exists($driver_class)) {
        $this->driverClasses[$class] = $driver_class;
      }
      else {
        switch ($class) {
          case 'Condition':
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = Condition::class;
            break;

          case 'Delete':
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = Delete::class;
            break;

          case 'ExceptionHandler':
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = ExceptionHandler::class;
            break;

          case 'Insert':
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = Insert::class;
            break;

          case 'Merge':
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = Merge::class;
            break;

          case 'Schema':
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = Schema::class;
            break;

          case 'Select':
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = Select::class;
            break;

          case 'Transaction':
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = Transaction::class;
            break;

          case 'Truncate':
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = Truncate::class;
            break;

          case 'Update':
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = Update::class;
            break;

          case 'Upsert':
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = Upsert::class;
            break;

          default:
            $this->driverClasses[$class] = $class;
        }
      }
    }
    return $this->driverClasses[$class];
  }

  /**
   * Returns the database exceptions handler.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\ExceptionHandler
   *   The database exceptions handler.
   */
  public function exceptionHandler() {
    $class = $this->getDriverClass('ExceptionHandler');
    return new $class();
  }

  /**
   * Prepares and returns a SELECT query object.
   *
   * @param string|\Drupal\Core\Database\Query\SelectInterface $table
   *   The base table name or subquery for this query, used in the FROM clause.
   *   If a string, the table specified will also be used as the "base" table
   *   for query_alter hook implementations.
   * @param string $alias
   *   (optional) The alias of the base table of this query.
   * @param $options
   *   An array of options on the query.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\SelectInterface
   *   An appropriate SelectQuery object for this database connection. Note that
   *   it may be a driver-specific subclass of SelectQuery, depending on the
   *   driver.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Select
   */
  public function select($table, $alias = NULL, array $options = []) {
    assert(is_string($alias) || $alias === NULL, 'The \'$alias\' argument to ' . __METHOD__ . '() must be a string or NULL');
    $class = $this->getDriverClass('Select');
    return new $class($this, $table, $alias, $options);
  }

  /**
   * Prepares and returns an INSERT query object.
   *
   * @param string $table
   *   The table to use for the insert statement.
   * @param array $options
   *   (optional) An associative array of options to control how the query is
   *   run. The given options will be merged with
   *   \Drupal\Core\Database\Connection::defaultOptions().
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Insert
   *   A new Insert query object.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Insert
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Connection::defaultOptions()
   */
  public function insert($table, array $options = []) {
    $class = $this->getDriverClass('Insert');
    return new $class($this, $table, $options);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the ID of the last inserted row or sequence value.
   *
   * This method should normally be used only within database driver code.
   *
   * This is a proxy to invoke lastInsertId() from the wrapped connection.
   * If a sequence name is not specified for the name parameter, this returns a
   * string representing the row ID of the last row that was inserted into the
   * database.
   * If a sequence name is specified for the name parameter, this returns a
   * string representing the last value retrieved from the specified sequence
   * object.
   *
   * @param string|null $name
   *   (Optional) Name of the sequence object from which the ID should be
   *   returned.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The value returned by the wrapped connection.
   *
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\Database\DatabaseExceptionWrapper
   *   In case of failure.
   */
  public function lastInsertId(?string $name = NULL): string {
    if (($last_insert_id = $this->connection->lastInsertId($name)) === FALSE) {
      throw new DatabaseExceptionWrapper("Could not determine last insert id" . $name === NULL ? '' : " for sequence $name");
    }
    return $last_insert_id;
  }

  /**
   * Prepares and returns a MERGE query object.
   *
   * @param string $table
   *   The table to use for the merge statement.
   * @param array $options
   *   (optional) An array of options on the query.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Merge
   *   A new Merge query object.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Merge
   */
  public function merge($table, array $options = []) {
    $class = $this->getDriverClass('Merge');
    return new $class($this, $table, $options);
  }

  /**
   * Prepares and returns an UPSERT query object.
   *
   * @param string $table
   *   The table to use for the upsert query.
   * @param array $options
   *   (optional) An array of options on the query.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Upsert
   *   A new Upsert query object.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Upsert
   */
  public function upsert($table, array $options = []) {
    $class = $this->getDriverClass('Upsert');
    return new $class($this, $table, $options);
  }

  /**
   * Prepares and returns an UPDATE query object.
   *
   * @param string $table
   *   The table to use for the update statement.
   * @param array $options
   *   (optional) An associative array of options to control how the query is
   *   run. The given options will be merged with
   *   \Drupal\Core\Database\Connection::defaultOptions().
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Update
   *   A new Update query object.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Update
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Connection::defaultOptions()
   */
  public function update($table, array $options = []) {
    $class = $this->getDriverClass('Update');
    return new $class($this, $table, $options);
  }

  /**
   * Prepares and returns a DELETE query object.
   *
   * @param string $table
   *   The table to use for the delete statement.
   * @param array $options
   *   (optional) An associative array of options to control how the query is
   *   run. The given options will be merged with
   *   \Drupal\Core\Database\Connection::defaultOptions().
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Delete
   *   A new Delete query object.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Delete
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Connection::defaultOptions()
   */
  public function delete($table, array $options = []) {
    $class = $this->getDriverClass('Delete');
    return new $class($this, $table, $options);
  }

  /**
   * Prepares and returns a TRUNCATE query object.
   *
   * @param string $table
   *   The table to use for the truncate statement.
   * @param array $options
   *   (optional) An array of options on the query.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Truncate
   *   A new Truncate query object.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Truncate
   */
  public function truncate($table, array $options = []) {
    $class = $this->getDriverClass('Truncate');
    return new $class($this, $table, $options);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a DatabaseSchema object for manipulating the schema.
   *
   * This method will lazy-load the appropriate schema library file.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Schema
   *   The database Schema object for this connection.
   */
  public function schema() {
    if (empty($this->schema)) {
      $class = $this->getDriverClass('Schema');
      $this->schema = new $class($this);
    }
    return $this->schema;
  }

  /**
   * Prepares and returns a CONDITION query object.
   *
   * @param string $conjunction
   *   The operator to use to combine conditions: 'AND' or 'OR'.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Condition
   *   A new Condition query object.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Condition
   */
  public function condition($conjunction) {
    $class = $this->getDriverClass('Condition');
    // Creating an instance of the class Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Condition
    // should only be created from the database layer. This will allow database
    // drivers to override the default Condition class.
    return new $class($conjunction);
  }

  /**
   * Escapes a database name string.
   *
   * Force all database names to be strictly alphanumeric-plus-underscore.
   * For some database drivers, it may also wrap the database name in
   * database-specific escape characters.
   *
   * @param string $database
   *   An unsanitized database name.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The sanitized database name.
   */
  public function escapeDatabase($database) {
    $database = preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9_]+/', '', $database);
    [$start_quote, $end_quote] = $this->identifierQuotes;
    return $start_quote . $database . $end_quote;
  }

  /**
   * Escapes a table name string.
   *
   * Force all table names to be strictly alphanumeric-plus-underscore.
   * Database drivers should never wrap the table name in database-specific
   * escape characters. This is done in Connection::prefixTables(). The
   * database-specific escape characters are added in Connection::setPrefix().
   *
   * @param string $table
   *   An unsanitized table name.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The sanitized table name.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Connection::prefixTables()
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Connection::setPrefix()
   */
  public function escapeTable($table) {
    if (!isset($this->escapedTables[$table])) {
      $this->escapedTables[$table] = preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9_.]+/', '', $table);
    }
    return $this->escapedTables[$table];
  }

  /**
   * Escapes a field name string.
   *
   * Force all field names to be strictly alphanumeric-plus-underscore.
   * For some database drivers, it may also wrap the field name in
   * database-specific escape characters.
   *
   * @param string $field
   *   An unsanitized field name.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The sanitized field name.
   */
  public function escapeField($field) {
    if (!isset($this->escapedFields[$field])) {
      $escaped = preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9_.]+/', '', $field);
      [$start_quote, $end_quote] = $this->identifierQuotes;
      // Sometimes fields have the format table_alias.field. In such cases
      // both identifiers should be quoted, for example, "table_alias"."field".
      $this->escapedFields[$field] = $start_quote . str_replace('.', $end_quote . '.' . $start_quote, $escaped) . $end_quote;
    }
    return $this->escapedFields[$field];
  }

  /**
   * Escapes an alias name string.
   *
   * Force all alias names to be strictly alphanumeric-plus-underscore. In
   * contrast to DatabaseConnection::escapeField() /
   * DatabaseConnection::escapeTable(), this doesn't allow the period (".")
   * because that is not allowed in aliases.
   *
   * @param string $field
   *   An unsanitized alias name.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The sanitized alias name.
   */
  public function escapeAlias($field) {
    if (!isset($this->escapedAliases[$field])) {
      [$start_quote, $end_quote] = $this->identifierQuotes;
      $this->escapedAliases[$field] = $start_quote . preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9_]+/', '', $field) . $end_quote;
    }
    return $this->escapedAliases[$field];
  }

  /**
   * Escapes characters that work as wildcard characters in a LIKE pattern.
   *
   * The wildcard characters "%" and "_" as well as backslash are prefixed with
   * a backslash. Use this to do a search for a verbatim string without any
   * wildcard behavior.
   *
   * For example, the following does a case-insensitive query for all rows whose
   * name starts with $prefix:
   * @code
   * $result = $injected_connection->query(
   *   'SELECT * FROM person WHERE name LIKE :pattern',
   *   array(':pattern' => $injected_connection->escapeLike($prefix) . '%')
   * );
   * @endcode
   *
   * Backslash is defined as escape character for LIKE patterns in
   * Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Condition::mapConditionOperator().
   *
   * @param string $string
   *   The string to escape.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The escaped string.
   */
  public function escapeLike($string) {
    return addcslashes($string, '\%_');
  }

  /**
   * Determines if there is an active transaction open.
   *
   * @return bool
   *   TRUE if we're currently in a transaction, FALSE otherwise.
   */
  public function inTransaction() {
    return ($this->transactionDepth() > 0);
  }

  /**
   * Determines the current transaction depth.
   *
   * @return int
   *   The current transaction depth.
   */
  public function transactionDepth() {
    return count($this->transactionLayers);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new DatabaseTransaction object on this connection.
   *
   * @param string $name
   *   (optional) The name of the savepoint.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Transaction
   *   A Transaction object.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Transaction
   */
  public function startTransaction($name = '') {
    $class = $this->getDriverClass('Transaction');
    return new $class($this, $name);
  }

  /**
   * Rolls back the transaction entirely or to a named savepoint.
   *
   * This method throws an exception if no transaction is active.
   *
   * @param string $savepoint_name
   *   (optional) The name of the savepoint. The default, 'drupal_transaction',
   *    will roll the entire transaction back.
   *
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\Database\TransactionOutOfOrderException
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\Database\TransactionNoActiveException
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Transaction::rollBack()
   */
  public function rollBack($savepoint_name = 'drupal_transaction') {
    if (!$this->inTransaction()) {
      throw new TransactionNoActiveException();
    }
    // A previous rollback to an earlier savepoint may mean that the savepoint
    // in question has already been accidentally committed.
    if (!isset($this->transactionLayers[$savepoint_name])) {
      throw new TransactionNoActiveException();
    }

    // We need to find the point we're rolling back to, all other savepoints
    // before are no longer needed. If we rolled back other active savepoints,
    // we need to throw an exception.
    $rolled_back_other_active_savepoints = FALSE;
    while ($savepoint = array_pop($this->transactionLayers)) {
      if ($savepoint == $savepoint_name) {
        // If it is the last the transaction in the stack, then it is not a
        // savepoint, it is the transaction itself so we will need to roll back
        // the transaction rather than a savepoint.
        if (empty($this->transactionLayers)) {
          break;
        }
        $this->query('ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT ' . $savepoint);
        $this->popCommittableTransactions();
        if ($rolled_back_other_active_savepoints) {
          throw new TransactionOutOfOrderException();
        }
        return;
      }
      else {
        $rolled_back_other_active_savepoints = TRUE;
      }
    }

    // Notify the callbacks about the rollback.
    $callbacks = $this->rootTransactionEndCallbacks;
    $this->rootTransactionEndCallbacks = [];
    foreach ($callbacks as $callback) {
      call_user_func($callback, FALSE);
    }

    $this->connection->rollBack();
    if ($rolled_back_other_active_savepoints) {
      throw new TransactionOutOfOrderException();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Increases the depth of transaction nesting.
   *
   * If no transaction is already active, we begin a new transaction.
   *
   * @param string $name
   *   The name of the transaction.
   *
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\Database\TransactionNameNonUniqueException
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Transaction
   */
  public function pushTransaction($name) {
    if (isset($this->transactionLayers[$name])) {
      throw new TransactionNameNonUniqueException($name . " is already in use.");
    }
    // If we're already in a transaction then we want to create a savepoint
    // rather than try to create another transaction.
    if ($this->inTransaction()) {
      $this->query('SAVEPOINT ' . $name);
    }
    else {
      $this->connection->beginTransaction();
    }
    $this->transactionLayers[$name] = $name;
  }

  /**
   * Decreases the depth of transaction nesting.
   *
   * If we pop off the last transaction layer, then we either commit or roll
   * back the transaction as necessary. If no transaction is active, we return
   * because the transaction may have manually been rolled back.
   *
   * @param string $name
   *   The name of the savepoint.
   *
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\Database\TransactionNoActiveException
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\Database\TransactionCommitFailedException
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Transaction
   */
  public function popTransaction($name) {
    // The transaction has already been committed earlier. There is nothing we
    // need to do. If this transaction was part of an earlier out-of-order
    // rollback, an exception would already have been thrown by
    // Database::rollBack().
    if (!isset($this->transactionLayers[$name])) {
      return;
    }

    // Mark this layer as committable.
    $this->transactionLayers[$name] = FALSE;
    $this->popCommittableTransactions();
  }

  /**
   * Adds a root transaction end callback.
   *
   * These callbacks are invoked immediately after the transaction has been
   * committed.
   *
   * It can for example be used to avoid deadlocks on write-heavy tables that
   * do not need to be part of the transaction, like cache tag invalidations.
   *
   * Another use case is that services using alternative backends like Redis and
   * Memcache cache implementations can replicate the transaction-behavior of
   * the database cache backend and avoid race conditions.
   *
   * An argument is passed to the callbacks that indicates whether the
   * transaction was successful or not.
   *
   * @param callable $callback
   *   The callback to invoke.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Connection::doCommit()
   */
  public function addRootTransactionEndCallback(callable $callback) {
    if (!$this->transactionLayers) {
      throw new \LogicException('Root transaction end callbacks can only be added when there is an active transaction.');
    }
    $this->rootTransactionEndCallbacks[] = $callback;
  }

  /**
   * Commit all the transaction layers that can commit.
   *
   * @internal
   */
  protected function popCommittableTransactions() {
    // Commit all the committable layers.
    foreach (array_reverse($this->transactionLayers) as $name => $active) {
      // Stop once we found an active transaction.
      if ($active) {
        break;
      }

      // If there are no more layers left then we should commit.
      unset($this->transactionLayers[$name]);
      if (empty($this->transactionLayers)) {
        $this->doCommit();
      }
      else {
        $this->query('RELEASE SAVEPOINT ' . $name);
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Do the actual commit, invoke post-commit callbacks.
   *
   * @internal
   */
  protected function doCommit() {
    $success = $this->connection->commit();
    if (!empty($this->rootTransactionEndCallbacks)) {
      $callbacks = $this->rootTransactionEndCallbacks;
      $this->rootTransactionEndCallbacks = [];
      foreach ($callbacks as $callback) {
        call_user_func($callback, $success);
      }
    }

    if (!$success) {
      throw new TransactionCommitFailedException();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Runs a limited-range query on this database object.
   *
   * Use this as a substitute for ->query() when a subset of the query is to be
   * returned. User-supplied arguments to the query should be passed in as
   * separate parameters so that they can be properly escaped to avoid SQL
   * injection attacks.
   *
   * @param string $query
   *   A string containing an SQL query.
   * @param int $from
   *   The first result row to return.
   * @param int $count
   *   The maximum number of result rows to return.
   * @param array $args
   *   (optional) An array of values to substitute into the query at placeholder
   *    markers.
   * @param array $options
   *   (optional) An array of options on the query.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\StatementInterface
   *   A database query result resource, or NULL if the query was not executed
   *   correctly.
   */
  abstract public function queryRange($query, $from, $count, array $args = [], array $options = []);

  /**
   * Returns the type of database driver.
   *
   * This is not necessarily the same as the type of the database itself. For
   * instance, there could be two MySQL drivers, mysql and mysqlMock. This
   * function would return different values for each, but both would return
   * "mysql" for databaseType().
   *
   * @return string
   *   The type of database driver.
   */
  abstract public function driver();

  /**
   * Returns the version of the database server.
   *
   * Assumes the client connection is \PDO. Non-PDO based drivers need to
   * override this method.
   *
   * @return string
   */
  public function version() {
    return $this->connection->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the version of the database client.
   *
   * Assumes the client connection is \PDO. Non-PDO based drivers need to
   * override this method.
   *
   * @return string
   */
  public function clientVersion() {
    return $this->connection->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION);
  }

  /**
   * Determines if this driver supports transactional DDL.
   *
   * DDL queries are those that change the schema, such as ALTER queries.
   *
   * @return bool
   *   TRUE if this connection supports transactions for DDL queries, FALSE
   *   otherwise.
   */
  public function supportsTransactionalDDL() {
    return $this->transactionalDDLSupport;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the name of the database engine accessed by this driver.
   *
   * @return string
   */
  abstract public function databaseType();

  /**
   * Creates a database.
   *
   * In order to use this method, you must be connected without a database
   * specified.
   *
   * @param string $database
   *   The name of the database to create.
   */
  abstract public function createDatabase($database);

  /**
   * Gets any special processing requirements for the condition operator.
   *
   * Some condition types require special processing, such as IN, because
   * the value data they pass in is not a simple value. This is a simple
   * overridable lookup function. Database connections should define only
   * those operators they wish to be handled differently than the default.
   *
   * @param string $operator
   *   The condition operator, such as "IN", "BETWEEN", etc. Case-sensitive.
   *
   * @return array|null
   *   The extra handling directives for the specified operator, or NULL.
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Query\Condition::compile()
   */
  abstract public function mapConditionOperator($operator);

  /**
   * Throws an exception to deny direct access to transaction commits.
   *
   * We do not want to allow users to commit transactions at any time, only
   * by destroying the transaction object or allowing it to go out of scope.
   * A direct commit bypasses all of the safety checks we've built on top of
   * the database client's transaction routines.
   *
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\Database\TransactionExplicitCommitNotAllowedException
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Transaction
   */
  public function commit() {
    throw new TransactionExplicitCommitNotAllowedException();
  }

  /**
   * Retrieves a unique ID from a given sequence.
   *
   * Use this function if for some reason you can't use a serial field. For
   * example, MySQL has no ways of reading of the current value of a sequence
   * and PostgreSQL can not advance the sequence to be larger than a given
   * value. Or sometimes you just need a unique integer.
   *
   * @param $existing_id
   *   (optional) After a database import, it might be that the sequences table
   *   is behind, so by passing in the maximum existing ID, it can be assured
   *   that we never issue the same ID.
   *
   * @return int|string
   *   An integer number larger than any number returned by earlier calls and
   *   also larger than the $existing_id if one was passed in.
   */
  abstract public function nextId($existing_id = 0);

  /**
   * Quotes a string for use in a query.
   *
   * @param string $string
   *   The string to be quoted.
   * @param int $parameter_type
   *   (optional) Provides a data type hint for drivers that have alternate
   *   quoting styles. Defaults to \PDO::PARAM_STR.
   *
   * @return string|bool
   *   A quoted string that is theoretically safe to pass into an SQL statement.
   *   Returns FALSE if the driver does not support quoting in this way.
   *
   * @see \PDO::quote()
   */
  public function quote($string, $parameter_type = \PDO::PARAM_STR) {
    return $this->connection->quote($string, $parameter_type);
  }

  /**
   * Extracts the SQLSTATE error from a PDOException.
   *
   * @param \Exception $e
   *   The exception
   *
   * @return string
   *   The five character error code.
   */
  protected static function getSQLState(\Exception $e) {
    // The PDOException code is not always reliable, try to see whether the
    // message has something usable.
    if (preg_match('/^SQLSTATE\[(\w{5})\]/', $e->getMessage(), $matches)) {
      return $matches[1];
    }
    else {
      return $e->getCode();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Prevents the database connection from being serialized.
   */
  public function __sleep() {
    throw new \LogicException('The database connection is not serializable. This probably means you are serializing an object that has an indirect reference to the database connection. Adjust your code so that is not necessary. Alternatively, look at DependencySerializationTrait as a temporary solution.');
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array of database connection options from a URL.
   *
   * @param string $url
   *   The URL.
   * @param string $root
   *   The root directory of the Drupal installation. Some database drivers,
   *   like for example SQLite, need this information.
   *
   * @return array
   *   The connection options.
   *
   * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
   *   Exception thrown when the provided URL does not meet the minimum
   *   requirements.
   *
   * @internal
   *   This method should only be called from
   *   \Drupal\Core\Database\Database::convertDbUrlToConnectionInfo().
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Database::convertDbUrlToConnectionInfo()
   */
  public static function createConnectionOptionsFromUrl($url, $root) {
    $url_components = parse_url($url);
    if (!isset($url_components['scheme'], $url_components['host'], $url_components['path'])) {
      throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Minimum requirement: driver://host/database');
    }

    $url_components += [
      'user' => '',
      'pass' => '',
      'fragment' => '',
    ];

    // Remove leading slash from the URL path.
    if ($url_components['path'][0] === '/') {
      $url_components['path'] = substr($url_components['path'], 1);
    }

    // Use reflection to get the namespace of the class being called.
    $reflector = new \ReflectionClass(static::class);

    $database = [
      'driver' => $url_components['scheme'],
      'username' => $url_components['user'],
      'password' => $url_components['pass'],
      'host' => $url_components['host'],
      'database' => $url_components['path'],
      'namespace' => $reflector->getNamespaceName(),
    ];

    if (isset($url_components['port'])) {
      $database['port'] = $url_components['port'];
    }

    if (!empty($url_components['fragment'])) {
      $database['prefix'] = $url_components['fragment'];
    }

    return $database;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a URL from an array of database connection options.
   *
   * @param array $connection_options
   *   The array of connection options for a database connection. An additional
   *   key of 'module' is added by Database::getConnectionInfoAsUrl() for
   *   drivers provided my contributed or custom modules for convenience.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The connection info as a URL.
   *
   * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
   *   Exception thrown when the provided array of connection options does not
   *   meet the minimum requirements.
   *
   * @internal
   *   This method should only be called from
   *   \Drupal\Core\Database\Database::getConnectionInfoAsUrl().
   *
   * @see \Drupal\Core\Database\Database::getConnectionInfoAsUrl()
   */
  public static function createUrlFromConnectionOptions(array $connection_options) {
    if (!isset($connection_options['driver'], $connection_options['database'])) {
      throw new \InvalidArgumentException("As a minimum, the connection options array must contain at least the 'driver' and 'database' keys");
    }

    $user = '';
    if (isset($connection_options['username'])) {
      $user = $connection_options['username'];
      if (isset($connection_options['password'])) {
        $user .= ':' . $connection_options['password'];
      }
      $user .= '@';
    }

    $host = empty($connection_options['host']) ? 'localhost' : $connection_options['host'];

    $db_url = $connection_options['driver'] . '://' . $user . $host;

    if (isset($connection_options['port'])) {
      $db_url .= ':' . $connection_options['port'];
    }

    $db_url .= '/' . $connection_options['database'];

    // Add the module when the driver is provided by a module.
    if (isset($connection_options['module'])) {
      $db_url .= '?module=' . $connection_options['module'];
    }

    if (isset($connection_options['prefix']) && $connection_options['prefix'] !== '') {
      $db_url .= '#' . $connection_options['prefix'];
    }

    return $db_url;
  }

  /**
   * Get the module name of the module that is providing the database driver.
   *
   * @return string
   *   The module name of the module that is providing the database driver, or
   *   "core" when the driver is not provided as part of a module.
   */
  public function getProvider(): string {
    [$first, $second] = explode('\\', $this->connectionOptions['namespace'], 3);

    // The namespace for Drupal modules is Drupal\MODULE_NAME, and the module
    // name must be all lowercase. Second-level namespaces containing uppercase
    // letters (e.g., "Core", "Component", "Driver") are not modules.
    // @see \Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel::getModuleNamespacesPsr4()
    // @see https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/creating-custom-modules/naming-and-placing-your-drupal-8-module#s-name-your-module
    return ($first === 'Drupal' && strtolower($second) === $second) ? $second : 'core';
  }

  /**
   * Get the pager manager service, if available.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Pager\PagerManagerInterface
   *   The pager manager service, if available.
   *
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\DependencyInjection\ContainerNotInitializedException
   *   If the container has not been initialized yet.
   */
  public function getPagerManager(): PagerManagerInterface {
    return \Drupal::service('pager.manager');
  }

  /**
   * Runs a simple query to validate json datatype support.
   *
   * @return bool
   *   Returns the query result.
   */
  public function hasJson(): bool {
    try {
      return (bool) $this->query('SELECT JSON_TYPE(\'1\')');
    }
    catch (\Exception $e) {
      return FALSE;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the status of a database API event toggle.
   *
   * @param string $eventName
   *   The name of the event to check.
   *
   * @return bool
   *   TRUE if the event is going to be fired by the database API, FALSE
   *   otherwise.
   */
  public function isEventEnabled(string $eventName): bool {
    return $this->enabledEvents[$eventName] ?? FALSE;
  }

  /**
   * Enables database API events dispatching.
   *
   * @param string[] $eventNames
   *   A list of database events to be enabled.
   *
   * @return static
   */
  public function enableEvents(array $eventNames): static {
    foreach ($eventNames as $eventName) {
      assert(class_exists($eventName), "Event class {$eventName} does not exist");
      $this->enabledEvents[$eventName] = TRUE;
    }
    return $this;
  }

  /**
   * Disables database API events dispatching.
   *
   * @param string[] $eventNames
   *   A list of database events to be disabled.
   *
   * @return static
   */
  public function disableEvents(array $eventNames): static {
    foreach ($eventNames as $eventName) {
      assert(class_exists($eventName), "Event class {$eventName} does not exist");
      $this->enabledEvents[$eventName] = FALSE;
    }
    return $this;
  }

  /**
   * Dispatches a database API event via the container dispatcher.
   *
   * @param \Drupal\Core\Database\Event\DatabaseEvent $event
   *   The database event.
   * @param string|null $eventName
   *   (Optional) the name of the event to dispatch.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\Database\Event\DatabaseEvent
   *   The database event.
   *
   * @throws \Drupal\Core\Database\Exception\EventException
   *   If the container is not initialized.
   */
  public function dispatchEvent(DatabaseEvent $event, ?string $eventName = NULL): DatabaseEvent {
    if (\Drupal::hasService('event_dispatcher')) {
      return \Drupal::service('event_dispatcher')->dispatch($event, $eventName);
    }
    throw new EventException('The event dispatcher service is not available. Database API events can only be fired if the container is initialized');
  }

  /**
   * Determine the last non-database method that called the database API.
   *
   * Traversing the call stack from the very first call made during the
   * request, we define "the routine that called this query" as the last entry
   * in the call stack that is not any method called from the namespace of the
   * database driver, is not inside the Drupal\Core\Database namespace and does
   * have a file (which excludes call_user_func_array(), anonymous functions
   * and similar). That makes the climbing logic very simple, and handles the
   * variable stack depth caused by the query builders.
   *
   * See the @link http://php.net/debug_backtrace debug_backtrace() @endlink
   * function.
   *
   * @return array
   *   This method returns a stack trace entry similar to that generated by
   *   debug_backtrace(). However, it flattens the trace entry and the trace
   *   entry before it so that we get the function and args of the function that
   *   called into the database system, not the function and args of the
   *   database call itself.
   */
  public function findCallerFromDebugBacktrace(): array {
    $stack = $this->removeDatabaseEntriesFromDebugBacktrace($this->getDebugBacktrace(), $this->getConnectionOptions()['namespace']);
    // Return the first function call whose stack entry has a 'file' key, that
    // is, it is not a callback or a closure.
    for ($i = 0; $i < count($stack); $i++) {
      if (!empty($stack[$i]['file'])) {
        return [
          'file' => $stack[$i]['file'],
          'line' => $stack[$i]['line'],
          'function' => $stack[$i + 1]['function'],
          'class' => $stack[$i + 1]['class'] ?? NULL,
          'type' => $stack[$i + 1]['type'] ?? NULL,
          'args' => $stack[$i + 1]['args'] ?? [],
        ];
      }
    }

    return [];
  }

  /**
   * Removes database related calls from a backtrace array.
   *
   * @param array $backtrace
   *   A standard PHP backtrace. Passed by reference.
   * @param string $driver_namespace
   *   The PHP namespace of the database driver.
   *
   * @return array
   *   The cleaned backtrace array.
   */
  public static function removeDatabaseEntriesFromDebugBacktrace(array $backtrace, string $driver_namespace): array {
    // Starting from the very first entry processed during the request, find
    // the first function call that can be identified as a call to a
    // method/function in the database layer.
    for ($n = count($backtrace) - 1; $n >= 0; $n--) {
      // If the call was made from a function, 'class' will be empty. We give
      // it a default empty string value in that case.
      $class = $backtrace[$n]['class'] ?? '';
      if (str_starts_with($class, __NAMESPACE__) || str_starts_with($class, $driver_namespace)) {
        break;
      }
    }

    return array_values(array_slice($backtrace, $n));
  }

  /**
   * Gets the debug backtrace.
   *
   * Wraps the debug_backtrace function to allow mocking results in PHPUnit
   * tests.
   *
   * @return array[]
   *   The debug backtrace.
   */
  protected function getDebugBacktrace(): array {
    return debug_backtrace();
  }

}
