QDataStream Class | Qt Core | Qt 6.10.3
Description: The QDataStream class provides serialization of binary data to a QIODevice.

- Qt 6.10
- Qt Core
- C++ Classes
- QDataStream
- Qt 6.10.3 Reference Documentation

# QDataStream Class

The QDataStream class provides serialization of binary data to a QIODevice. More...

Header: | `#include <QDataStream>`
CMake: | `find_package(Qt6 REQUIRED COMPONENTS Core)` `target_link_libraries(mytarget PRIVATE Qt6::Core)`
qmake: | `QT += core`
Inherits: | QIODeviceBase

- List of all members, including inherited members
- QDataStream is part of Input/Output and Networking.

Note: All functions in this class are reentrant.

## Public Types

enum | ByteOrder { BigEndian, LittleEndian }
enum | FloatingPointPrecision { SinglePrecision, DoublePrecision }
enum | Status { Ok, ReadPastEnd, ReadCorruptData, WriteFailed, SizeLimitExceeded }
enum | Version { Qt_1_0, Qt_2_0, Qt_2_1, Qt_3_0, Qt_3_1, …, Qt_6_10 }

## Public Functions

| QDataStream()
| QDataStream(QIODevice *d)
| QDataStream(const QByteArray &a)
| QDataStream(QByteArray *a, QIODeviceBase::OpenMode mode)
| ~QDataStream()
void | abortTransaction()
bool | atEnd() const
QDataStream::ByteOrder | byteOrder() const
bool | commitTransaction()
QIODevice * | device() const
QDataStream::FloatingPointPrecision | floatingPointPrecision() const
`(since 6.7)` QDataStream & | readBytes(char *&s, qint64 &l)
`(until 6.11)` QDataStream & | readBytes(char *&s, uint &l)
qint64 | readRawData(char *s, qint64 len)
void | resetStatus()
void | rollbackTransaction()
void | setByteOrder(QDataStream::ByteOrder bo)
void | setDevice(QIODevice *d)
void | setFloatingPointPrecision(QDataStream::FloatingPointPrecision precision)
void | setStatus(QDataStream::Status status)
void | setVersion(int v)
qint64 | skipRawData(qint64 len)
void | startTransaction()
QDataStream::Status | status() const
int | version() const
QDataStream & | writeBytes(const char *s, qint64 len)
qint64 | writeRawData(const char *s, qint64 len)
`(since 6.10)` bool | operator bool() const
QDataStream & | operator<<(qint8 i)
QDataStream & | operator<<(bool i)
`(since 6.0)` QDataStream & | operator<<(char16_t c)
`(since 6.0)` QDataStream & | operator<<(char32_t c)
QDataStream & | operator<<(const char *s)
QDataStream & | operator<<(double f)
QDataStream & | operator<<(float f)
QDataStream & | operator<<(qint16 i)
QDataStream & | operator<<(qint32 i)
QDataStream & | operator<<(qint64 i)
QDataStream & | operator<<(quint16 i)
QDataStream & | operator<<(quint32 i)
QDataStream & | operator<<(quint64 i)
QDataStream & | operator<<(quint8 i)
QDataStream & | operator<<(std::nullptr_t ptr)
QDataStream & | operator>>(bool &i)
QDataStream & | operator>>(qint8 &i)
QDataStream & | operator>>(char *&s)
`(since 6.0)` QDataStream & | operator>>(char16_t &c)
`(since 6.0)` QDataStream & | operator>>(char32_t &c)
QDataStream & | operator>>(double &f)
QDataStream & | operator>>(float &f)
QDataStream & | operator>>(qint16 &i)
QDataStream & | operator>>(qint32 &i)
QDataStream & | operator>>(qint64 &i)
QDataStream & | operator>>(quint16 &i)
QDataStream & | operator>>(quint32 &i)
QDataStream & | operator>>(quint64 &i)
QDataStream & | operator>>(quint8 &i)
QDataStream & | operator>>(std::nullptr_t &ptr)

## Related Non-Members

`(since 6.0)` QDataStream & | operator<<(QDataStream &out, const std::pair<T1, T2> &pair)
`(since 6.0)` QDataStream & | operator>>(QDataStream &in, std::pair<T1, T2> &pair)

## Detailed Description

A data stream is a binary stream of encoded information which is 100% independent of the host computer's operating system, CPU or byte order. For example, a data stream that is written by a PC under Windows can be read by a Sun SPARC running Solaris.

You can also use a data stream to read/write raw unencoded binary data. If you want a "parsing" input stream, see QTextStream.

The QDataStream class implements the serialization of C++'s basic data types, like `char`, `short`, `int`, `char *`, etc. Serialization of more complex data is accomplished by breaking up the data into primitive units.

A data stream cooperates closely with a QIODevice. A QIODevice represents an input/output medium one can read data from and write data to. The QFile class is an example of an I/O device.

Example (write binary data to a stream):

     QFile file("file.dat");
     file.open(QIODevice::WriteOnly);
     QDataStream out(&file);   // we will serialize the data into the file
     out << QString("the answer is");   // serialize a string
     out << (qint32)42;        // serialize an integer

Example (read binary data from a stream):

     QFile file("file.dat");
     file.open(QIODevice::ReadOnly);
     QDataStream in(&file);    // read the data serialized from the file
     QString str;
     qint32 a;
     in >> str >> a;           // extract "the answer is" and 42

Each item written to the stream is written in a predefined binary format that varies depending on the item's type. Supported Qt types include QBrush, QColor, QDateTime, QFont, QPixmap, QString, QVariant and many others. For the complete list of all Qt types supporting data streaming see Serializing Qt Data Types.

For integers it is best to always cast to a Qt integer type for writing, and to read back into the same Qt integer type. This ensures that you get integers of the size you want and insulates you from compiler and platform differences.

Enumerations can be serialized through QDataStream without the need of manually defining streaming operators. Enum classes are serialized using the declared size.

The initial I/O device is usually set in the constructor, but can be changed with setDevice(). If you've reached the end of the data (or if there is no I/O device set) atEnd() will return true.

### Serializing containers and strings

The serialization format is a length specifier first, then l bytes of data. The length specifier is one quint32 if the version is less than 6.7 or if the number of elements is less than 0xfffffffe (2^32 -2). Otherwise there is an extend value 0xfffffffe followed by one quint64 with the actual value. In addition for containers that support isNull(), it is encoded as a single quint32 with all bits set and no data.

To take one example, if the string size fits into 32 bits, a `char *` string is written as a 32-bit integer equal to the length of the string, including the '\0' byte, followed by all the characters of the string, including the '\0' byte. If the string size is greater, the value 0xffffffffe is written as a marker of an extended size, followed by 64 bits of the actual size. When reading a `char *` string, 4 bytes are read first. If the value is not equal to 0xffffffffe (the marker of extended size), then these 4 bytes are treated as the 32 bit size of the string. Otherwise, the next 8 bytes are read and treated as a 64 bit size of the string. Then, all the characters for the `char *` string, including the '\0' terminator, are read.

### Versioning

QDataStream's binary format has evolved since Qt 1.0, and is likely to continue evolving to reflect changes done in Qt. When inputting or outputting complex types, it's very important to make sure that the same version of the stream (version()) is used for reading and writing. If you need both forward and backward compatibility, you can hardcode the version number in the application:

     stream.setVersion(QDataStream::Qt_4_0);

If you are producing a new binary data format, such as a file format for documents created by your application, you could use a QDataStream to write the data in a portable format. Typically, you would write a brief header containing a magic string and a version number to give yourself room for future expansion. For example:

     QFile file("file.xxx");
     file.open(QIODevice::WriteOnly);
     QDataStream out(&file);

     // Write a header with a "magic number" and a version
     out << (quint32)0xA0B0C0D0;
     out << (qint32)123;

     out.setVersion(QDataStream::Qt_4_0);

     // Write the data
     out << lots_of_interesting_data;

Then read it in with:

     QFile file("file.xxx");
     file.open(QIODevice::ReadOnly);
     QDataStream in(&file);

     // Read and check the header
     quint32 magic;
     in >> magic;
     if (magic != 0xA0B0C0D0)
         return XXX_BAD_FILE_FORMAT;

     // Read the version
     qint32 version;
     in >> version;
     if (version < 100)
         return XXX_BAD_FILE_TOO_OLD;
     if (version > 123)
         return XXX_BAD_FILE_TOO_NEW;

     if (version <= 110)
         in.setVersion(QDataStream::Qt_3_2);
     else
         in.setVersion(QDataStream::Qt_4_0);

     // Read the data
     in >> lots_of_interesting_data;
     if (version >= 120)
         in >> data_new_in_XXX_version_1_2;
     in >> other_interesting_data;

You can select which byte order to use when serializing data. The default setting is big-endian (MSB first). Changing it to little-endian breaks the portability (unless the reader also changes to little-endian). We recommend keeping this setting unless you have special requirements.

### Reading and Writing Raw Binary Data

You may wish to read/write your own raw binary data to/from the data stream directly. Data may be read from the stream into a preallocated `char *` using readRawData(). Similarly data can be written to the stream using writeRawData(). Note that any encoding/decoding of the data must be done by you.

A similar pair of functions is readBytes() and writeBytes(). These differ from their raw counterparts as follows: readBytes() reads a quint32 which is taken to be the length of the data to be read, then that number of bytes is read into the preallocated `char *`; writeBytes() writes a quint32 containing the length of the data, followed by the data. Note that any encoding/decoding of the data (apart from the length quint32) must be done by you.

### Reading and Writing Qt Collection Classes

The Qt container classes can also be serialized to a QDataStream. These include QList, QSet, QHash, and QMap. The stream operators are declared as non-members of the classes.

### Reading and Writing Other Qt Classes

In addition to the overloaded stream operators documented here, any Qt classes that you might want to serialize to a QDataStream will have appropriate stream operators declared as non-member of the class:

     QDataStream &operator<<(QDataStream &, const QXxx &);
     QDataStream &operator>>(QDataStream &, QXxx &);

For example, here are the stream operators declared as non-members of the QImage class:

     QDataStream &operator<<(QDataStream &stream, const QImage &image);
     QDataStream &operator>>(QDataStream &stream, QImage &image);

To see if your favorite Qt class has similar stream operators defined, check the Related Non-Members section of the class's documentation page.

### Using Read Transactions

When a data stream operates on an asynchronous device, the chunks of data can arrive at arbitrary points in time. The QDataStream class implements a transaction mechanism that provides the ability to read the data atomically with a series of stream operators. As an example, you can handle incomplete reads from a socket by using a transaction in a slot connected to the readyRead() signal:

     in.startTransaction();
     QString str;
     qint32 a;
     in >> str >> a; // try to read packet atomically

     if (!in.commitTransaction())
         return;     // wait for more data

If no full packet is received, this code restores the stream to the initial position, after which you need to wait for more data to arrive.

### Corruption and Security

QDataStream is not resilient against corrupted data inputs and should therefore not be used for security-sensitive situations, even when using transactions. Transactions will help determine if a valid input can currently be decoded with the data currently available on an asynchronous device, but will assume that the data that is available is correctly formed.

Additionally, many QDataStream demarshalling operators will allocate memory based on information found in the stream. Those operators perform no verification on whether the requested amount of memory is reasonable or if it is compatible with the amount of data available in the stream (example: demarshalling a QByteArray or QString may see the request for allocation of several gigabytes of data).

QDataStream should not be used on content whose provenance cannot be trusted. Applications should be designed to attempt to decode only streams whose provenance is at least as trustworthy as that of the application itself or its plugins.

See also QTextStream and QVariant.

## Member Type Documentation

### enum QDataStream::ByteOrder

The byte order used for reading/writing the data.

Constant | Value | Description
--- | --- | ---
`QDataStream::BigEndian` | `QSysInfo::BigEndian` | Most significant byte first (the default)
`QDataStream::LittleEndian` | `QSysInfo::LittleEndian` | Least significant byte first

### enum QDataStream::FloatingPointPrecision

The precision of floating point numbers used for reading/writing the data. This will only have an effect if the version of the data stream is Qt_4_6 or higher.

Warning: The floating point precision must be set to the same value on the object that writes and the object that reads the data stream.

Constant | Value | Description
--- | --- | ---
`QDataStream::SinglePrecision` | `0` | All floating point numbers in the data stream have 32-bit precision.
`QDataStream::DoublePrecision` | `1` | All floating point numbers in the data stream have 64-bit precision.

See also setFloatingPointPrecision() and floatingPointPrecision().

### enum QDataStream::Status

This enum describes the current status of the data stream.

Constant | Value | Description
--- | --- | ---
`QDataStream::Ok` | `0` | The data stream is operating normally.
`QDataStream::ReadPastEnd` | `1` | The data stream has read past the end of the data in the underlying device.
`QDataStream::ReadCorruptData` | `2` | The data stream has read corrupt data.
`QDataStream::WriteFailed` | `3` | The data stream cannot write to the underlying device.
`QDataStream::SizeLimitExceeded (since Qt 6.7)` | `4` | The data stream cannot read or write the data because its size is larger than supported by the current platform. This can happen, for example, when trying to read more that 2 GiB of data on a 32-bit platform.

### enum QDataStream::Version

This enum provides symbolic synonyms for the data serialization format version numbers.

Constant | Value
--- | ---
`QDataStream::Qt_1_0` | `1`
`QDataStream::Qt_2_0` | `2`
`QDataStream::Qt_2_1` | `3`
`QDataStream::Qt_3_0` | `4`
`QDataStream::Qt_3_1` | `5`
`QDataStream::Qt_3_3` | `6`
`QDataStream::Qt_4_0` | `7`
`QDataStream::Qt_4_1` | `Qt_4_0`
`QDataStream::Qt_4_2` | `8`
`QDataStream::Qt_4_3` | `9`
`QDataStream::Qt_4_4` | `10`
`QDataStream::Qt_4_5` | `11`
`QDataStream::Qt_4_6` | `12`
`QDataStream::Qt_4_7` | `Qt_4_6`
`QDataStream::Qt_4_8` | `Qt_4_7`
`QDataStream::Qt_4_9` | `Qt_4_8`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_0` | `13`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_1` | `14`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_2` | `15`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_3` | `Qt_5_2`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_4` | `16`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_5` | `Qt_5_4`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_6` | `17`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_7` | `Qt_5_6`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_8` | `Qt_5_7`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_9` | `Qt_5_8`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_10` | `Qt_5_9`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_11` | `Qt_5_10`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_12` | `18`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_13` | `19`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_14` | `Qt_5_13`
`QDataStream::Qt_5_15` | `Qt_5_14`
`QDataStream::Qt_6_0` | `20`
`QDataStream::Qt_6_1` | `Qt_6_0`
`QDataStream::Qt_6_2` | `Qt_6_0`
`QDataStream::Qt_6_3` | `Qt_6_0`
`QDataStream::Qt_6_4` | `Qt_6_0`
`QDataStream::Qt_6_5` | `Qt_6_0`
`QDataStream::Qt_6_6` | `21`
`QDataStream::Qt_6_7` | `22`
`QDataStream::Qt_6_8` | `Qt_6_7`
`QDataStream::Qt_6_9` | `Qt_6_7`
`QDataStream::Qt_6_10` | `23`

See also setVersion() and version().

## Member Function Documentation

### QDataStream::QDataStream()

Constructs a data stream that has no I/O device.

See also setDevice().

### `[explicit]` QDataStream::QDataStream(QIODevice *d)

Constructs a data stream that uses the I/O device d.

See also setDevice() and device().

### QDataStream::QDataStream(const QByteArray &a)

Constructs a read-only data stream that operates on byte array a. Use QDataStream(QByteArray*, int) if you want to write to a byte array.

Since QByteArray is not a QIODevice subclass, internally a QBuffer is created to wrap the byte array.

### QDataStream::QDataStream(QByteArray *a, QIODeviceBase::OpenMode mode)

Constructs a data stream that operates on a byte array, a. The mode describes how the device is to be used.

Alternatively, you can use QDataStream(const QByteArray &) if you just want to read from a byte array.

Since QByteArray is not a QIODevice subclass, internally a QBuffer is created to wrap the byte array.

### `[noexcept]` QDataStream::~QDataStream()

Destroys the data stream.

The destructor will not affect the current I/O device, unless it is an internal I/O device (e.g. a QBuffer) processing a QByteArray passed in the constructor, in which case the internal I/O device is destroyed.

### void QDataStream::abortTransaction()

Aborts a read transaction.

This function is commonly used to discard the transaction after higher-level protocol errors or loss of stream synchronization.

If called on an inner transaction, aborting is delegated to the outermost transaction, and subsequently started inner transactions are forced to fail.

For the outermost transaction, discards the restoration point and any internally duplicated data of the stream. Will not affect the current read position of the stream.

Sets the status of the data stream to

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`ReadCorruptData` | .

See also startTransaction(), commitTransaction(), and rollbackTransaction().

### bool QDataStream::atEnd() const

Returns `true` if the I/O device has reached the end position (end of the stream or file) or if there is no I/O device set; otherwise returns `false`.

See also QIODevice::atEnd().

### QDataStream::ByteOrder QDataStream::byteOrder() const

Returns the current byte order setting – either BigEndian or LittleEndian.

See also setByteOrder().

### bool QDataStream::commitTransaction()

Completes a read transaction. Returns `true` if no read errors have occurred during the transaction; otherwise returns `false`.

If called on an inner transaction, committing will be postponed until the outermost commitTransaction(), rollbackTransaction(), or abortTransaction() call occurs.

Otherwise, if the stream status indicates reading past the end of the data, this function restores the stream data to the point of the startTransaction() call. When this situation occurs, you need to wait for more data to arrive, after which you start a new transaction. If the data stream has read corrupt data or any of the inner transactions was aborted, this function aborts the transaction.

See also startTransaction(), rollbackTransaction(), and abortTransaction().

### QIODevice *QDataStream::device() const

Returns the I/O device currently set, or `nullptr` if no device is currently set.

See also setDevice().

### QDataStream::FloatingPointPrecision QDataStream::floatingPointPrecision() const

Returns the floating point precision of the data stream.

See also FloatingPointPrecision and setFloatingPointPrecision().

### `[since 6.7]` QDataStream &QDataStream::readBytes(char *&s, qint64 &l)

Reads the buffer s from the stream and returns a reference to the stream.

The buffer s is allocated using `new []`. Destroy it with the `delete []` operator.

The l parameter is set to the length of the buffer. If the string read is empty, l is set to 0 and s is set to `nullptr`.

The serialization format is a length specifier first, then l bytes of data. The length specifier is one quint32 if the version is less than 6.7 or if the number of elements is less than 0xfffffffe (2^32 -2), otherwise there is an extend value 0xfffffffe followed by one quint64 with the actual value. In addition for containers that support isNull(), it is encoded as a single quint32 with all bits set and no data.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.7.

See also readRawData() and writeBytes().

### `[until 6.11]` QDataStream &QDataStream::readBytes(char *&s, uint &l)

This function is scheduled for deprecation in version 6.11.

Use an overload that takes qint64 length instead.

### qint64 QDataStream::readRawData(char *s, qint64 len)

Reads at most len bytes from the stream into s and returns the number of bytes read. If an error occurs, this function returns -1.

The buffer s must be preallocated. The data is not decoded.

See also readBytes(), QIODevice::read(), and writeRawData().

### void QDataStream::resetStatus()

Resets the status of the data stream.

See also Status, status(), and setStatus().

### void QDataStream::rollbackTransaction()

Reverts a read transaction.

This function is commonly used to rollback the transaction when an incomplete read was detected prior to committing the transaction.

If called on an inner transaction, reverting is delegated to the outermost transaction, and subsequently started inner transactions are forced to fail.

For the outermost transaction, restores the stream data to the point of the startTransaction() call. If the data stream has read corrupt data or any of the inner transactions was aborted, this function aborts the transaction.

If the preceding stream operations were successful, sets the status of the data stream to

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`ReadPastEnd` | .

See also startTransaction(), commitTransaction(), and abortTransaction().

### void QDataStream::setByteOrder(QDataStream::ByteOrder bo)

Sets the serialization byte order to bo.

The bo parameter can be QDataStream::BigEndian or QDataStream::LittleEndian.

The default setting is big-endian. We recommend leaving this setting unless you have special requirements.

See also byteOrder().

### void QDataStream::setDevice(QIODevice *d)

void QDataStream::setDevice(QIODevice *d)

Sets the I/O device to d, which can be `nullptr` to unset to current I/O device.

See also device().

### void QDataStream::setFloatingPointPrecision(QDataStream::FloatingPointPrecision precision)

Sets the floating point precision of the data stream to precision. If the floating point precision is DoublePrecision and the version of the data stream is Qt_4_6 or higher, all floating point numbers will be written and read with 64-bit precision. If the floating point precision is SinglePrecision and the version is Qt_4_6 or higher, all floating point numbers will be written and read with 32-bit precision.

For versions prior to Qt_4_6, the precision of floating point numbers in the data stream depends on the stream operator called.

The default is DoublePrecision.

Note that this property does not affect the serialization or deserialization of `qfloat16` instances.

Warning: This property must be set to the same value on the object that writes and the object that reads the data stream.

See also floatingPointPrecision().

### void QDataStream::setStatus(QDataStream::Status status)

Sets the status of the data stream to the status given.

Subsequent calls to setStatus() are ignored until resetStatus() is called.

See also Status, status(), and resetStatus().

### void QDataStream::setVersion(int v)

Sets the version number of the data serialization format to v, a value of the Version enum.

You don't have to set a version if you are using the current version of Qt, but for your own custom binary formats we recommend that you do; see Versioning in the Detailed Description.

To accommodate new functionality, the datastream serialization format of some Qt classes has changed in some versions of Qt. If you want to read data that was created by an earlier version of Qt, or write data that can be read by a program that was compiled with an earlier version of Qt, use this function to modify the serialization format used by QDataStream.

The Version enum provides symbolic constants for the different versions of Qt. For example:

     QDataStream out(file);
     out.setVersion(QDataStream::Qt_4_0);

See also version() and Version.

### qint64 QDataStream::skipRawData(qint64 len)

Skips len bytes from the device. Returns the number of bytes actually skipped, or -1 on error.

This is equivalent to calling readRawData() on a buffer of length len and ignoring the buffer.

See also QIODevice::seek().

### void QDataStream::startTransaction()

Starts a new read transaction on the stream.

Defines a restorable point within the sequence of read operations. For sequential devices, read data will be duplicated internally to allow recovery in case of incomplete reads. For random-access devices, this function saves the current position of the stream. Call commitTransaction(), rollbackTransaction(), or abortTransaction() to finish the current transaction.

Once a transaction is started, subsequent calls to this function will make the transaction recursive. Inner transactions act as agents of the outermost transaction (i.e., report the status of read operations to the outermost transaction, which can restore the position of the stream).

Note: Restoring to the point of the nested startTransaction() call is not supported.

When an error occurs during a transaction (including an inner transaction failing), reading from the data stream is suspended (all subsequent read operations return empty/zero values) and subsequent inner transactions are forced to fail. Starting a new outermost transaction recovers from this state. This behavior makes it unnecessary to error-check every read operation separately.

See also commitTransaction(), rollbackTransaction(), and abortTransaction().

### QDataStream::Status QDataStream::status() const

Returns the status of the data stream.

See also Status, setStatus(), and resetStatus().

### int QDataStream::version() const

Returns the version number of the data serialization format.

See also setVersion() and Version.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::writeBytes(const char *s, qint64 len)

Writes the length specifier len and the buffer s to the stream and returns a reference to the stream.

The len is serialized as a quint32 and an optional quint64, followed by len bytes from s. Note that the data is not encoded.

See also writeRawData() and readBytes().

### qint64 QDataStream::writeRawData(const char *s, qint64 len)

Writes len bytes from s to the stream. Returns the number of bytes actually written, or -1 on error. The data is not encoded.

See also writeBytes(), QIODevice::write(), and readRawData().

### `[explicit noexcept, since 6.10]` bool QDataStream::operator bool() const

Returns whether this stream has no errors (status() returns Ok).

This function was introduced in Qt 6.10.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(qint8 i)

Writes a signed byte, i, to the stream and returns a reference to the stream.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(bool i)

Writes a boolean value, i, to the stream. Returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### `[since 6.0]` QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(char16_t c)

Writes a character, c, to the stream. Returns a reference to the stream

This is an overloaded function.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### `[since 6.0]` QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(char32_t c)

Writes a character, c, to the stream. Returns a reference to the stream

This is an overloaded function.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(const char *s)

Writes the '\0'-terminated string s to the stream and returns a reference to the stream.

The string is serialized using `writeBytes()`.

This is an overloaded function.

See also writeBytes() and writeRawData().

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(double f)

Writes a floating point number, f, to the stream using the standard IEEE 754 format. Returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

See also setFloatingPointPrecision().

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(float f)

Writes a floating point number, f, to the stream using the standard IEEE 754 format. Returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

See also setFloatingPointPrecision().

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(qint16 i)

Writes a signed 16-bit integer, i, to the stream and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(qint32 i)

Writes a signed 32-bit integer, i, to the stream and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(qint64 i)

Writes a signed 64-bit integer, i, to the stream and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(quint16 i)

Writes an unsigned 16-bit integer, i, to the stream and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(quint32 i)

Writes an unsigned integer, i, to the stream as a 32-bit unsigned integer (quint32). Returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(quint64 i)

Writes an unsigned 64-bit integer, i, to the stream and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(quint8 i)

Writes an unsigned byte, i, to the stream and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator<<(std::nullptr_t ptr)

Simulates writing a `std::nullptr_t`, ptr, to the stream and returns a reference to the stream. This function does not actually write anything to the stream, as `std::nullptr_t` values are stored as 0 bytes.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(bool &i)

Reads a boolean value from the stream into i. Returns a reference to the stream.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(qint8 &i)

Reads a signed byte from the stream into i, and returns a reference to the stream.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(char *&s)

Reads string s from the stream and returns a reference to the stream.

The string is deserialized using `readBytes()` where the serialization format is a `quint32` length specifier first, followed by that many bytes of data. The resulting string is always '\0'-terminated.

Space for the string is allocated using `new []` – the caller must destroy it with `delete []`.

This is an overloaded function.

See also readBytes() and readRawData().

### `[since 6.0]` QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(char16_t &c)

Reads a 16bit wide char from the stream into c and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### `[since 6.0]` QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(char32_t &c)

Reads a 32bit wide character from the stream into c and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(double &f)

Reads a floating point number from the stream into f, using the standard IEEE 754 format. Returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

See also setFloatingPointPrecision().

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(float &f)

Reads a floating point number from the stream into f, using the standard IEEE 754 format. Returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

See also setFloatingPointPrecision().

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(qint16 &i)

Reads a signed 16-bit integer from the stream into i, and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(qint32 &i)

Reads a signed 32-bit integer from the stream into i, and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(qint64 &i)

Reads a signed 64-bit integer from the stream into i, and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(quint16 &i)

Reads an unsigned 16-bit integer from the stream into i, and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(quint32 &i)

Reads an unsigned 32-bit integer from the stream into i, and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(quint64 &i)

Reads an unsigned 64-bit integer from the stream, into i, and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(quint8 &i)

Reads an unsigned byte from the stream into i, and returns a reference to the stream.

This is an overloaded function.

### QDataStream &QDataStream::operator>>(std::nullptr_t &ptr)

Simulates reading a `std::nullptr_t` from the stream into ptr and returns a reference to the stream. This function does not actually read anything from the stream, as `std::nullptr_t` values are stored as 0 bytes.

This is an overloaded function.

## Related Non-Members

### `[since 6.0]` template <typename T1, typename T2> QDataStream &operator<<(QDataStream &out, const std::pair<T1, T2> &pair)

Writes the pair pair to stream out.

This function requires the T1 and T2 types to implement `operator<<()`.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

See also Serializing Qt Data Types.

### `[since 6.0]` template <typename T1, typename T2> QDataStream &operator>>(QDataStream &in, std::pair<T1, T2> &pair)

Reads a pair from stream in into pair.

This function requires the T1 and T2 types to implement `operator>>()`.

This function was introduced in Qt 6.0.

See also Serializing Qt Data Types.